{"id":3987,"date":"2026-02-14T07:19:17","date_gmt":"2026-02-14T07:19:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/?p=3987"},"modified":"2026-02-23T05:07:28","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T05:07:28","slug":"current-affairs-13th-february-2026","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/2026\/02\/14\/current-affairs-13th-february-2026\/","title":{"rendered":"Current Affairs 13th February 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Retail inflation at\u00a0 2.75% in new CPI<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n

GS paper III-Economy<\/p>\n

Context: <\/strong>MoSPI released the first set of retail inflation data under the 2024 base year in February 2026.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Modernization Drive<\/strong>: Update fixes “data lag” and aligns with the latest Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2023-24.<\/li>\n
  • First Reading<\/strong>: January 2026 retail inflation at 2.75% under new series\u2014much lower than previous trends.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong>Background: What is CPI?<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Definition<\/strong>: Measures average change over time in prices paid by retail consumers for a fixed basket of goods\/services.<\/li>\n
    • Purpose<\/strong>: Acts as proxy for cost of living and purchasing power of the Indian Rupee.<\/li>\n
    • Compiler<\/strong>: Released monthly by National Statistical Office (NSO) under MoSPI.<\/li>\n
    • Types<\/strong>: CPI-Rural, CPI-Urban, and CPI-Combined (headline inflation figure).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong>Key Highlights of New CPI Series (Base 2024)<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      • Item Expansion<\/strong>: Basket now has 358 items (up from 299 in 2012 series).<\/li>\n
      • Digital Inclusion<\/strong>: First-time price data from 12 online markets for cities with 25 lakh+ population.<\/li>\n
      • Broader Coverage<\/strong>: Price collection from 1,465 rural and 1,395 urban markets across India.<\/li>\n
      • Revision Frequency<\/strong>: Government plans updates every 3\u20135 years to avoid data obsolescence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong>Major Structural Changes in New CPI<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        • COICOP Alignment<\/strong>: Follows international Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (2018) framework.<\/li>\n
        • 12 Divisions<\/strong>: Basket split into 12 divisions (vs. 6 earlier), e.g., “Information & Communication” for granularity.<\/li>\n
        • Rural Housing<\/strong>: Included for first time to capture rural cost of living better.<\/li>\n
        • Additions<\/strong>: OTT subscriptions, babysitters, pen-drives, gym equipment.<\/li>\n
        • Deletions<\/strong>: Obsolete items like VCR\/DVD players, tape recorders, radio.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong>Changes in Weightage<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          Category<\/strong><\/td>\nOld Weight (2012)<\/strong><\/td>\nNew Weight (2024)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Food & Beverages<\/td>\n45.86%<\/td>\n36.75%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Housing<\/td>\n10.07%<\/td>\n17.67% (Rural + Urban)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Transport<\/td>\n~8%<\/td>\n8.80%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Health<\/td>\n~5.8%<\/td>\n6.10%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
            \n
          • Crucial Note<\/strong>: 9% drop in Food weight shows richer Indians spend less on basics, more on services.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \u00a0<\/strong>Why Base Year Revision Matters<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \n
            • Relevance<\/strong>: Reflects current behavior (e.g., more smartphones than in 2012).<\/li>\n
            • Accuracy<\/strong>: Avoids overestimating inflation from food price spikes due to high old weights.<\/li>\n
            • Global Standards<\/strong>: Matches IMF\/UN best practices for national stats.<\/li>\n
            • Policy Impact<\/strong>: Gives realistic data for welfare spending and subsidies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong>Implications for RBI & Policy<\/strong><\/p>\n

                \n
              • Lower Volatility<\/strong>: Reduced food weight stabilizes headline inflation.<\/li>\n
              • Core Focus<\/strong>: RBI emphasizes core inflation (non-food, non-fuel) for demand pressures.<\/li>\n
              • Interest Rates<\/strong>: 2.75% print allows supportive rates for growth.<\/li>\n
              • Anchored Expectations<\/strong>: Accurate data steadies business\/household inflation views.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \u00a0<\/strong>Key Concept: Linking Factor<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Definition<\/strong>: Mathematical multiplier to convert New Series (2024) index to Old Series (2012) level.<\/li>\n
                • Purpose<\/strong>: Ensures continuity for comparing 2010 vs. 2026 data without graph breaks.<\/li>\n
                • Method<\/strong>: Arithmetic Conversion based on overlapping year’s average.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  2. 114 Rafales for IAF, Six p-81 aircrafts for Navy<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

                  GS paper III-S&T<\/p>\n

                  Context:<\/strong> DAC cleared one of India’s largest single-day procurement packages.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Strategic Timing<\/strong>: Addresses IAF’s declining squadron strength and boosts maritime dominance.<\/li>\n
                  • Indigenization Focus<\/strong>: Significant portion of high-value projects to be manufactured in India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \u00a0<\/strong>Acceptance of Necessity (AoN)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • First Step<\/strong>: Official “green signal” acknowledging operational need for equipment.<\/li>\n
                    • Initiates Procurement<\/strong>: Enables tendering, bidding, and technical trials.<\/li>\n
                    • Policy Validation<\/strong>: Confirms financial and strategic justification at policy level.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \u00a0<\/strong>Key IAF Approvals<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • 114 MRFA<\/strong>: Approval for 114 multi-role jets (understood as Rafales) to restore squadrons.<\/li>\n
                      • Domestic Manufacturing<\/strong>: ~90 jets made in India with 50% indigenous content.<\/li>\n
                      • Combat Missiles<\/strong>: Enhances stand-off ground-attack and precision strike capabilities.<\/li>\n
                      • AS-HAPS<\/strong>: “Pseudo satellites” for persistent surveillance and electronic intelligence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \u00a0<\/strong>AS-HAPS Explained<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • Pseudo Satellites<\/strong>: UAVs at 18\u201320 km altitude.<\/li>\n
                        • Solar Powered<\/strong>: Airborne for months using solar energy.<\/li>\n
                        • Persistent ISR<\/strong>: Continuous intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance; telecom relays.<\/li>\n
                        • Cost Effective<\/strong>: Satellite capabilities at lower cost, easier redeployment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \u00a0<\/strong>Key Navy Approvals<\/strong><\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • P-8I Aircraft<\/strong>: Six additional for maritime reconnaissance and anti-submarine warfare.<\/li>\n
                          • Marine Gas Turbines<\/strong>: 4 MW generators under Make-I category.<\/li>\n
                          • Reduced Dependency<\/strong>: Indigenous systems cut reliance on foreign manufacturers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            \u00a0<\/strong>Key Army Approvals<\/strong><\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • Vibhav Mines<\/strong>: Indigenous anti-tank mines to disrupt enemy forces.<\/li>\n
                            • Vehicle Overhauls<\/strong>: T-72 tanks, BMP-II vehicles, ARVs for extended life.<\/li>\n
                            • Life Extension<\/strong>: Boosts service life and operational readiness.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              \u00a0<\/strong>Key ICG Approvals<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • Surveillance Systems<\/strong>: EO\/IR for Dornier aircraft.<\/li>\n
                              • Coastal Security<\/strong>: Improves efficacy in coastal\/offshore areas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                \u00a0<\/strong>Self-Reliance Dimensions<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • Make in India<\/strong>: High-end platforms like Rafale, P-8I with domestic production.<\/li>\n
                                • Technology Transfer<\/strong>: MRFA includes airframe and systems integration transfers.<\/li>\n
                                • Indigenous Categories<\/strong>: “Make-I” and “Buy (Indian-IDDM)” for home-grown tech.<\/li>\n
                                • Supply Chain Growth<\/strong>: Builds sustainable aerospace\/defence industrial base.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                   <\/p>\n

                                  3. Bacteria are multilingual<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                  GS paper III-Biotechnology <\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  \u00a0<\/strong>Context:<\/strong> Prof. Bonnie Bassler delivered \u2018A chemical language that enables communication between diverse organisms\u2019.<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  • Occasion<\/strong>: Held at IISc, Bengaluru, for International Day for Women and Girls in Science.<\/li>\n
                                  • Scientific Insights<\/strong>: Detailed bacterial coordination via “quorum sensing”.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    \u00a0<\/strong>Why Important?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • Evolutionary Insight<\/strong>: Explains collective behaviors through microscopic interactions.<\/li>\n
                                    • Life-Sustaining Roles<\/strong>: Gut bacteria digest food, provide nutrients.<\/li>\n
                                    • Dual Nature<\/strong>: Bacteria as “magical microbes”\u2014disease-causing or life-supporting.<\/li>\n
                                    • Agricultural Potential<\/strong>: Promises new environmental and farm management methods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      \u00a0<\/strong>Core Concept: Quorum Sensing<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      • Definition<\/strong>: Chemical process for bacteria to sense population density.<\/li>\n
                                      • Coordination<\/strong>: Colonies act unison, like multi-cellular organisms.<\/li>\n
                                      • Signal Detection<\/strong>: Release\/detect chemical molecules to monitor neighbors.<\/li>\n
                                      • Action Trigger<\/strong>: At “quorum” density, launch collective behavior.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                        \u00a0<\/strong>Multilingual Bacteria<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        • Diverse Languages<\/strong>: Different chemical “dialects” for own species\/others.<\/li>\n
                                        • Intra-species Talk<\/strong>: Chemicals for family\/species communication.<\/li>\n
                                        • Inter-species Talk<\/strong>: “Universal” language across bacterial types.<\/li>\n
                                        • Complex Interpretation<\/strong>: Distinguishes friend from foe in gut-like environments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                          \u00a0<\/strong>Example: Vibrio Species<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          • Vibrio cholerae<\/strong>: Uses quorum sensing for coordinated deadly attacks.<\/li>\n
                                          • Vibrio fischeri<\/strong>: Bioluminescent, symbiotic with Hawaiian bobtail squid.<\/li>\n
                                          • Camouflage Role<\/strong>: Glows to mimic moonlight, hides squid shadow from predators.<\/li>\n
                                          • Collective Light<\/strong>: Glows only at high density via quorum sensing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                            \u00a0<\/strong>Medical Implications<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                            • Anti-Quorum Therapies<\/strong>: Drugs “jam” signals, not kill bacteria.<\/li>\n
                                            • Antibiotic Alternative<\/strong>: Lowers resistance risk.<\/li>\n
                                            • Precision Targeting<\/strong>: Hits specific harms like toxins, spares beneficial bacteria.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                              \u00a0<\/strong>Awards and Recognition<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              • Wolf Prize<\/strong>: 2022 winner in Chemistry.<\/li>\n
                                              • Gairdner Award<\/strong>: 2023 Canada Gairdner Award.<\/li>\n
                                              • Academic Standing<\/strong>: Princeton professor, molecular biology leader.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                 <\/p>\n

                                                4. Bodhan AI<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                                GS paper III-S&T<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                \u00a0<\/strong>Context:<\/strong> Bharat Bodhan AI Conclave launched on February 12, 2026, to set national AI roadmap for education.<\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                • Bodhan AI Launch<\/strong>: Centre of Excellence established at IIT Madras to lead AI transformation in education.<\/li>\n
                                                • National Budget Support<\/strong>: Backed by \u20b9500 crore from Union Budget 2025-26.<\/li>\n
                                                • Six-Month Pilot<\/strong>: Plans to pilot AI tools in schools across 2\u20133 states within the next year.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                  \u00a0<\/strong>Background and Context<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                  • Viksit Bharat 2047<\/strong>: Key pillar to empower 30 crore students with AI skills for “Developed India.”<\/li>\n
                                                  • Technological Shift<\/strong>: Moves from static “one-size-fits-all” to dynamic, personalized learning.<\/li>\n
                                                  • Digital Infrastructure Legacy<\/strong>: Builds on “India Stack” (Aadhaar, UPI) success for education.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                    \u00a0<\/strong>What is Bodhan AI?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    • Centre of Excellence<\/strong>: Non-profit IIT Madras Bodhan AI Foundation for India-centric AI research.<\/li>\n
                                                    • Multilingual Foundational Model<\/strong>: Sovereign AI supporting Indian languages and dialects.<\/li>\n
                                                    • Application Aggregator<\/strong>: Platform for edtech startups to integrate, avoiding parallel systems.<\/li>\n
                                                    • Sovereign Capability<\/strong>: Hosts educational data and models within India for data sovereignty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                      \u00a0<\/strong>What is Bharat EduAI Stack?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                        \n
                                                      • Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)<\/strong>: Open-source, interoperable architecture for nationwide AI learning.<\/li>\n
                                                      • Shared Technology Layer<\/strong>: Common base for states\/institutions to build customized tools.<\/li>\n
                                                      • Unified Ecosystem<\/strong>: Analyzes student responses, provides teacher\/parent insights, real-time analytics.<\/li>\n
                                                      • Safe by Design<\/strong>: Includes data protection, privacy, and bias controls.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                        \u00a0<\/strong>Why AI in Education?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                          \n
                                                        • Personalized Tutors<\/strong>: 24\/7 feedback and practice tailored to student pace.<\/li>\n
                                                        • Teacher Support<\/strong>: Automates admin tasks\/grading for focus on mentorship.<\/li>\n
                                                        • Bridging Gaps<\/strong>: Predictive analytics for early learning gap detection.<\/li>\n
                                                        • Democratizing Quality<\/strong>: Equal access to high-quality content for remote students.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                          \u00a0<\/strong>Public Digital Infrastructure (DPI) Model<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                            \n
                                                          • Interoperability<\/strong>: Seamless integration via open APIs for government\/private\/local systems.<\/li>\n
                                                          • Scalability<\/strong>: Handles 260 million+ annual school enrolments.<\/li>\n
                                                          • Inclusive by Design<\/strong>: Accessible across socio-economic\/linguistic backgrounds.<\/li>\n
                                                          • Non-Monopolistic<\/strong>: Free tech stack to boost competitive startup ecosystem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                            \u00a0<\/strong>Alignment with National Policies<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                              \n
                                                            • NEP 2020 Compliance<\/strong>: Supports 50% Gross Enrolment Ratio by 2035 via digital tools.<\/li>\n
                                                            • AI Literacy<\/strong>: Introduces age-appropriate AI from Class 3.<\/li>\n
                                                            • NIPUN Bharat<\/strong>: Strengthens foundational literacy\/numeracy.<\/li>\n
                                                            • DIKSHA and APAAR<\/strong>: Syncs with DIKSHA for content and APAAR for student IDs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                               <\/p>\n

                                                              5. Tangkhul Hui and Kombai breeds<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                                              GS paper III-S&T<\/p>\n

                                                              \u00a0<\/strong>Context:<\/strong> In February 2026, Assam Rifles (AR) announced full-scale induction of Tangkhul Hui dogs after a successful pilot.<\/p>\n

                                                                \n
                                                              • New Addition<\/strong>: AR will start inducting Kombai breed from Tamil Nadu from April 2026.<\/li>\n
                                                              • National Directive<\/strong>: Follows Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) mandate for all Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) to adopt two Indian dog breeds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                \u00a0<\/strong>Background and Context<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                  \n
                                                                • Atmanirbhar Push<\/strong>: Aligns with government’s self-reliance drive in defense assets.<\/li>\n
                                                                • Shift from Foreign Breeds<\/strong>: Indian forces previously relied on German Shepherds, Labradors, and Belgian Malinois.<\/li>\n
                                                                • Modern Identification<\/strong>: AR Dog Training Centre (ARDTC) identified local breeds with combat-level intelligence and stamina.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                  \u00a0<\/strong>The Two Breeds: Tangkhul Hui and Kombai<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                  Tangkhul Hui (Haofa)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                    \n
                                                                  • Origin<\/strong>: Native to Ukhrul district, Manipur; raised by Tangkhul Naga tribe.<\/li>\n
                                                                  • Role<\/strong>: Hunting traditionally; now specialized in narcotics detection for AR.<\/li>\n
                                                                  • Traits<\/strong>: Highly intelligent, extremely loyal, resistant to local diseases.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                    \u00a0<\/strong>Kombai<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                      \n
                                                                    • Origin<\/strong>: Ancient breed from Theni district, Tamil Nadu; known as Indian Bore Hound.<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Role<\/strong>: Guarding and hunting wild boar; valued for ferocious guarding instincts.<\/li>\n
                                                                    • Traits<\/strong>: Extremely powerful, courageous, high athletic stamina for clearing obstacles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                      \u00a0<\/strong>Role of Assam Rifles<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                        \n
                                                                      • Oldest Paramilitary<\/strong>: Established 1835; “Sentinels of the North East” for border security and counter-insurgency.<\/li>\n
                                                                      • Operational Areas<\/strong>: Dogs deployed in high-risk Northeast and Jammu & Kashmir zones.<\/li>\n
                                                                      • Specialized Tasks<\/strong>: Tracking, explosives detection, narcotics smuggling prevention from Myanmar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                        \u00a0<\/strong>Why Shift to Indigenous Breeds?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                          \n
                                                                        • Climate Adaptability<\/strong>: Suited to India’s diverse, harsh weather unlike foreign breeds.<\/li>\n
                                                                        • Disease Resistance<\/strong>: Less prone to genetic issues and common illnesses.<\/li>\n
                                                                        • Low Maintenance<\/strong>: Require less medical care and no expensive imported diets.<\/li>\n
                                                                        • Strategic Self-Reliance<\/strong>: Cuts dependency on foreign breeding programs, reducing asset lag.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                          \u00a0<\/strong>Training and Implementation<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                            \n
                                                                          • Training Hub<\/strong>: ARDTC in Jorhat, Assam; houses over 100 dogs.<\/li>\n
                                                                          • Course Duration<\/strong>: 12 weeks basic handling + 36 weeks advanced specialization.<\/li>\n
                                                                          • Dual-Purpose Training<\/strong>: Exploring “assault + tracking” and “assault + explosive detection.”<\/li>\n
                                                                          • Gender Inclusion<\/strong>: First-time induction of women dog handlers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                             <\/p>\n

                                                                            6. Vande Mataram, its stanzas and a settles question<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                                                            GS paper I-History<\/p>\n

                                                                            Context<\/strong>: Issued on January 28, a 10-page protocol for the 150th anniversary of the National Song.<\/p>\n

                                                                              \n
                                                                            • New Mandate<\/strong>: Requires playing\/singing all six stanzas (previously only two) at official and school functions.<\/li>\n
                                                                            • Equal Status<\/strong>: National Song to be played before National Anthem when both performed.<\/li>\n
                                                                            • Standing Protocol<\/strong>: Mandatory standing to attention for full duration (~3 min 10 sec).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                              \u00a0<\/strong>Historical Background<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                \n
                                                                              • Composition<\/strong>: Written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in 1870s, included in novel Anandamath (1882).<\/li>\n
                                                                              • Freedom Struggle<\/strong>: Rallying cry in 1905 Anti-Partition movement; first sung by Tagore at 1896 Congress session.<\/li>\n
                                                                              • Revolutionary Symbol<\/strong>: Used by revolutionaries like Madam Bhikaji Cama and Madan Lal Dhingra.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                \u00a0<\/strong>The 1937 Settlement (CWC Resolution)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                  \n
                                                                                • The Conflict<\/strong>: Objections from Muslim League over religious imagery in later stanzas.<\/li>\n
                                                                                • CWC Resolution<\/strong>: Congress Working Committee (Calcutta, 1937) adopted only first two stanzas for gatherings.<\/li>\n
                                                                                • Rationale<\/strong>: First two verses focus on motherland\/nature; later invoke Hindu deities like Durga, Lakshmi.<\/li>\n
                                                                                • Unity Strategy<\/strong>: Supported by Gandhi, Nehru to maintain communal harmony.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                  \u00a0<\/strong>Constituent Assembly Positions<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  • Anthem vs. Song<\/strong>: January 24, 1950, Dr. Rajendra Prasad announced Jana Gana Mana as National Anthem.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  • Equal Status<\/strong>: Vande Mataram granted “equal status” as National Song for freedom struggle role.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  • Limited Adoption<\/strong>: Carried forward 1937 logic, using only non-religious stanzas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                    \u00a0<\/strong>Constitutional Framework (Article 51A)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    • Fundamental Duty<\/strong>: Article 51A(a) mandates respect for Constitution, Flag, Anthem.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    • Notable Omission<\/strong>: National Song not mentioned, unlike Anthem.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    • Legal Distinction<\/strong>: Indicates less rigid protocol historically.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                      \u00a0<\/strong>Landmark Judgment: Bijoe Emmanuel vs. State of Kerala (1986)<\/strong><\/p>\n