{"id":3659,"date":"2025-12-19T09:02:07","date_gmt":"2025-12-19T09:02:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/?p=3659"},"modified":"2025-12-19T12:41:02","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T12:41:02","slug":"current-affairs-19th-december-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/2025\/12\/19\/current-affairs-19th-december-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"Current Affairs 19th December 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">1. India-Oman sign pact<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>GS Paper\u2011II \u2013 International Relations (India and its neighbourhood; India and GCC\/West Asia)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Context :<\/strong>India and Oman signed the CEPA in Muscat after almost two years of negotiations.\u200b<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Oman will give India duty\u2011free access on 98.08% of its tariff lines, covering 99.38% of India\u2019s exports.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>This is Oman\u2019s first such pact since its 2006 FTA with the US, and India\u2019s second CEPA with a GCC country.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>What is CEPA<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A\u00a0<strong>Comprehensive<\/strong>\u00a0Economic Partnership Agreement is a broad trade pact covering goods, services, investment and regulatory cooperation.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>It reduces or removes tariffs, eases customs and standards, and creates rules for services, investment and dispute settlement.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key features of India\u2013Oman CEPA<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Almost full tariff elimination by Oman on Indian goods; India offers substantial but lower liberalisation for Omani imports.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Major labour\u2011intensive sectors like gems and jewellery, textiles, leather, footwear, sports goods, plastics, farm products, pharma, medical devices and autos get zero duty.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Sensitive Indian sectors such as some agriculture and metals remain protected with limited or phased cuts.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Strong disciplines on investment, customs cooperation, technical barriers to trade and digital trade facilitation.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Trade context<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bilateral trade reached about USD 10.61 billion in FY 2024\u201125, growing nearly 18.6% year\u2011on\u2011year.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>India exports refined petroleum, rice, machinery, iron and steel products etc. to Oman.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>India mainly imports crude oil, LNG, fertilisers and chemicals from Oman, making Oman a key energy supplier.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Services trade and labour mobility<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Oman has opened sectors like IT, professional and business services, education, health, R&amp;D and audio\u2011visual for Indian service providers.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Indian firms can establish commercial presence with up to 100% ownership in several service sectors.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Mode\u20114 access is widened: quota for intra\u2011corporate transferees raised from 20% to 50%.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Stay of contractual service suppliers extended from 90 days to two years, with possibility of a further two\u2011year extension.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Easier temporary entry for business visitors, independent professionals and various skilled specialists.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Strategic and geopolitical significance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Oman sits near the Strait of Hormuz, so deeper ties enhance India\u2019s maritime and energy security in the Western Indian Ocean.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Stronger economic link supports India\u2019s outreach to the Gulf Cooperation Council and wider West Asia region.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Oman is an important interlocutor for India in GCC, Arab League and IORA, aiding regional diplomacy.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>The pact complements defence and maritime cooperation, including access to Duqm port for Indian naval operations.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">2. India -Netherlands<\/span> <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>GS Paper\u2011II \u2013 International Relations<\/p>\n<p><strong>Context :<\/strong>Dutch Foreign Minister met Defence Minister Rajnath Singh in New Delhi to expand defence ties.\u200b<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>LoI on Defence Cooperation and plan for a Defence Industrial Roadmap were announced.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Background<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bilateral ties are upgrading from trade\u2011centric to a broader strategic partnership.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Earlier cooperation existed in maritime security, cyber and emerging technologies.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key areas of discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Co\u2011development and co\u2011production of defence equipment and platforms.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Collaboration in niche, high\u2011tech and emerging defence technologies.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Military\u2011to\u2011military engagement<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Plan to intensify service\u2011level exchanges, training and exercises.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Defence ties recognised as a central pillar of bilateral partnership.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Indo\u2011Pacific dimension<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Shared commitment to a free, open, inclusive, rules\u2011based Indo\u2011Pacific.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Cooperation to address maritime security and regional stability challenges.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Letter of Intent (LoI)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>LoI signed between defence authorities to institutionalise cooperation.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>It provides a formal framework for advancing specific defence projects.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Defence industrial roadmap<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Roadmap to guide co\u2011production, co\u2011development and joint R&amp;D initiatives.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Aims to connect defence industries and integrate supply chains of both sides.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Strategic partnership and people ties<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Defence cooperation elevated as a key element of strategic partnership.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Large Indian diaspora in the Netherlands strengthens people\u2011to\u2011people links.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Overall significance for India<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Helps access advanced European technologies and supports defence indigenisation.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Bolsters India\u2019s role with like\u2011minded partners in shaping Indo\u2011Pacific security order.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">3. 900 Million people will have diabetes by 20250<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>GS Paper\u2011III \u2013\u00a0<strong>Science &amp; Technology\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>CONTEXT :<\/strong>11th Edition of IDF Diabetes Atlas released in 2025 with updated global estimates.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Warns diabetes cases may approach 900 million adults by 2050.<\/li>\n<li>Highlights epidemic has continued largely unchecked since early 2000s.<\/li>\n<li>Calls for stronger prevention, early detection and equitable care worldwide.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Background<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>International Diabetes Federation (IDF) publishes a periodic, authoritative Diabetes Atlas.<\/li>\n<li>11th edition uses data from 200+ countries to produce 2024 estimates.<\/li>\n<li>Projections factor in population growth, ageing and urbanisation patterns.<\/li>\n<li>Warns of huge health and economic impacts if current trends continue.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>What is diabetes<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chronic metabolic condition marked by persistently high blood glucose.<\/li>\n<li>Occurs when body makes too little insulin or cannot use it effectively.<\/li>\n<li>Main types: Type 1 (autoimmune, near\u2011complete insulin lack).<\/li>\n<li>Type 2 (insulin resistance\/relative deficiency, lifestyle\u2011linked).<\/li>\n<li>Leads to heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, blindness, amputations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key global projections: 2024\u20132050<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>About 589 million adults (20\u201379 years) living with diabetes in 2024.<\/li>\n<li>Global adult prevalence around 11.1% in 2024.<\/li>\n<li>Numbers projected to reach about 853 million adults by 2050.<\/li>\n<li>Prevalence expected to rise to roughly 13% by 2050.<\/li>\n<li>Overall global increase of roughly 45% between 2024 and 2050.<\/li>\n<li>Over 95% of additional cases predicted in low\u2011 and middle\u2011income countries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why this is alarming<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Diabetes estimated to cause around 3.4 million deaths in 2024.<\/li>\n<li>Over 250 million adults are living with undiagnosed diabetes.<\/li>\n<li>Global health\u2011care and productivity costs exceed USD 1 trillion annually.<\/li>\n<li>Complications cause disability, loss of income and deepening poverty.<\/li>\n<li>Atlas stresses epidemic remains uncontrolled without tailored action.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Urban\u2013rural divide: situation in 2024<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Around 400 million cases reside in urban areas in 2024.<\/li>\n<li>Rural areas account for about 189 million cases.<\/li>\n<li>Higher prevalence in urban settings linked to diet and sedentary life.<\/li>\n<li>Pattern mirrors rapid urbanisation and associated risk behaviours.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Urban\u2013rural divide: projections for 2050<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Urban diabetes burden projected to climb to about 655 million.<\/li>\n<li>Rural cases expected to stay almost flat near 198 million.<\/li>\n<li>Urban\u2013rural gap widens sharply over coming decades.<\/li>\n<li>Urbanisation and city\u2011centric lifestyles drive most future increases.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Country\u2011wise burden: rankings for 2024<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>China tops in numbers with roughly 148 million adults with diabetes.<\/li>\n<li>India ranks second with nearly 90 million affected adults.<\/li>\n<li>United States is third, Pakistan fourth by case numbers.<\/li>\n<li>Highest prevalence rates seen in Pakistan, Pacific islands, Middle East.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Country\u2011wise burden: projections for 2050<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>China and India likely to retain first and second positions by numbers.<\/li>\n<li>Pakistan projected to move up to third place in total cases.<\/li>\n<li>Global adult caseload approaches nearly 900 million by 2050.<\/li>\n<li>Bulk of the rise will occur in low\u2011 and middle\u2011income countries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>India\u2011specific significance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>India already has around 90 million diabetic adults (second globally).<\/li>\n<li>Rapid urbanisation, obesity and lifestyle change accelerate incidence.<\/li>\n<li>High proportion of undiagnosed and poorly controlled diabetes persists.<\/li>\n<li>Large burden of cardiovascular, renal and eye complications emerging.<\/li>\n<li>Urgent need for prevention, mass screening and affordable long\u2011term care.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">4. Inside the DHRUV64 microprocessor<\/span> <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>GS paper III-Science and technology <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Context :<\/strong>Announced on 15 December 2025 by MeitY as a major indigenous chip milestone.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>First India\u2011designed 1.0 GHz, 64\u2011bit dual\u2011core microprocessor in production\u2011ready form.<\/li>\n<li>Showcases progress of the Digital India RISC\u2011V (DIR\u2011V) initiative.<\/li>\n<li>Strengthens Aatmanirbhar Bharat push in the semiconductor value chain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Background and significance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aims to cut dependence on imported processors in strategic and civilian sectors.<\/li>\n<li>Important as India consumes a large share of global microprocessors but designs few.<\/li>\n<li>Enables trusted computing platforms for defence, telecom and critical infrastructure.<\/li>\n<li>Helps build domestic design talent and a broader hardware innovation ecosystem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Who developed DHRUV64<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Designed by Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C\u2011DAC).<\/li>\n<li>Developed under MeitY\u2019s Microprocessor Development Programme (MDP).<\/li>\n<li>Part of the VEGA processor family in the DIR\u2011V roadmap.<\/li>\n<li>Follows earlier indigenous cores like THEJAS32 and THEJAS64.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>What is DHRUV64<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fully indigenous 64\u2011bit, dual\u2011core RISC\u2011V processor clocked at about 1.0 GHz.<\/li>\n<li>Optimised for higher efficiency, multitasking and reliability in embedded systems.<\/li>\n<li>Supports Linux and other modern operating systems and toolchains.<\/li>\n<li>Targeted for 5G, automotive, IoT, industrial automation and consumer devices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Technological positioning<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Uses open RISC\u2011V ISA, avoiding foreign IP licensing costs and constraints.<\/li>\n<li>Dual\u2011core, out\u2011of\u2011order design with contemporary pipeline and security features.<\/li>\n<li>Likely fabricated on a mature node (around 28 nm) suitable for embedded use.<\/li>\n<li>Positioned as a capable mid\u2011range embedded and edge\u2011computing processor.<\/li>\n<li>Next step is integration into Dhanush and Dhanush+ system\u2011on\u2011chips (SoCs).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why India wants indigenous processors<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces supply\u2011chain vulnerabilities and geopolitical dependencies.<\/li>\n<li>Ensures security and auditability for defence and other sensitive workloads.<\/li>\n<li>Capitalises on India\u2019s strong chip\u2011design and EDA engineering base.<\/li>\n<li>Encourages local startups, lower\u2011cost prototyping and home\u2011grown IP.<\/li>\n<li>Aligns with long\u2011term national security and digital\u2011economy strategies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>India\u2019s indigenous processor ecosystem<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>SHAKTI (IIT Madras): RISC\u2011V cores for strategic and space programmes.<\/li>\n<li>AJIT (IIT Bombay): 32\u2011bit processor for industrial and robotics uses.<\/li>\n<li>VIKRAM (ISRO\u2011SCL): Space\u2011grade, radiation\u2011hardened controller chips.<\/li>\n<li>THEJAS64 (C\u2011DAC): 64\u2011bit core for industrial and embedded systems.<\/li>\n<li>DHRUV64 (C\u2011DAC): Broader commercial and strategic, DIR\u2011V flagship.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Information not yet disclosed<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Exact fabrication foundry and geographical location of the fab.<\/li>\n<li>Detailed benchmark scores versus global peers in its class.<\/li>\n<li>Power consumption figures and thermal envelope.<\/li>\n<li>Cache sizes, memory subsystem and I\/O bandwidth specifics.<\/li>\n<li>Full availability timeline and long\u2011term supply roadmap.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Supporting government schemes<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Digital India RISC\u2011V (DIR\u2011V): Funds RISC\u2011V cores and SoC platforms.<\/li>\n<li>Chips to Startup (C2S): Trains VLSI talent and supports design startups.<\/li>\n<li>India Semiconductor Mission (ISM): Facilitates fabs and ATMP\/OSAT units.<\/li>\n<li>Design Linked Incentive (DLI): Gives incentives for Indian chip design IP.<\/li>\n<li>INUP\u2011i2i: Provides shared nanoelectronics facilities for R&amp;D and training.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>5. Cleaning Delhi&#8217;s air requires a Delhi-specific plan<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>GS paper III-Environment and Ecology<\/p>\n<p><strong>CONTEXT :<\/strong>A recent analysis argues Delhi\u2019s air crisis reflects deep governance design failures, not just winter smog events<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3660 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-19-143007-300x170.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-19-143007-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-19-143007.png 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lockdown experience showed that short\u2011term emission cuts alone cannot guarantee healthy air, prompting calls for predictive, preventive and participatory air\u2011governance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Governance rethink: from reaction to prevention<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Move from short, emergency responses to continuous, year\u2011round planning guided by forecasts.<\/li>\n<li>Shift focus from \u201ccontrolling\u201d peaks to \u201cpreventing\u201d build\u2011up of pollution through structural changes.<\/li>\n<li>Replace sporadic, fragmented orders with an integrated airshed\u2011level strategy involving multiple agencies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Core elements of a Delhi\u2011specific air plan<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use AI, IoT sensors and satellite data to model pollution and trigger early action before severe episodes.<\/li>\n<li>Ensure transparent decision\u2011making so citizens, RWAs and civil society can track actions and participate.<\/li>\n<li>Provide reliable grid power so institutions and households do not depend on diesel generators.<\/li>\n<li>Control road and construction dust via mechanised sweeping, water sprinkling and strict site management.<\/li>\n<li>Green open and barren spaces, pave kuccha stretches and scientifically manage landfills to cut dust and fires.<\/li>\n<li>Coordinate measures across the entire airshed, covering NCR towns and surrounding districts, not just Delhi.<\/li>\n<li>Tailor protections for vulnerable groups (children, elderly, outdoor workers) with advisories and support.<\/li>\n<li>Stagger or redesign office and school timings to reduce peak\u2011hour traffic congestion and emissions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key takeaway<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Delhi\u2019s smog is framed as a symptom of weak institutional design rather than failure of alerts or enforcement alone.<\/li>\n<li>A Delhi\u2011specific, predictive, science\u2011driven and participatory air\u2011governance framework is seen as essential for long\u2011term, sustainable clean air.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>6. Securities Market Code Bill, 2025<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>GS paper III-economy<\/p>\n<p><strong>CONTEXT :<\/strong>The Finance Minister has introduced the Securities Market Code Bill, 2025 in the Lok Sabha.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Bill, first announced in Budget 2021\u201122, has now been sent to the Standing Committee on Finance for detailed scrutiny.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Core purpose of the SMC Bill<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Consolidates three separate securities laws into a single, coherent code to simplify regulation.<\/li>\n<li>Aims to modernise the legal framework in line with technology\u2011driven, algorithmic and digital markets.<\/li>\n<li>Seeks to reduce compliance complexity, improve regulatory governance and protect investors more effectively.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u201cThree laws into one\u201d repeal<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Proposes repeal of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (SCRA).<\/li>\n<li>Replaces the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (SEBI Act).<\/li>\n<li>Substitutes the Depositories Act, 1996 with provisions folded into the unified Code.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Redesign of SEBI\u2019s board structure<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Expands maximum board strength from 9 members to up to 15 members.<\/li>\n<li>Composition: Chairperson, two members nominated from the Union Government, one from RBI, and up to eleven other members.<\/li>\n<li>Mandates that at least five members should serve as whole\u2011time members for stronger executive capacity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Conflict\u2011of\u2011interest and post\u2011tenure rules<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Introduces explicit conflict\u2011of\u2011interest norms, including disclosure of direct and indirect (family) interests.<\/li>\n<li>Requires recusal of members from meetings where they have any such interest.<\/li>\n<li>Bars former members from taking jobs with the Government or market entities for one year post\u2011tenure without prior approval.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>7.\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>Sahitya Akademi Awards<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>GS Paper\u2011I \u2013\u00a0Indian Art &amp; Culture\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Context <\/strong>Sahitya Akademi called off its press conference to declare annual awards after a Culture Ministry directive.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Ministry cited lack of prior approval\/consultation required under an MoU signed in July 2025.<img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3661 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-19-143110-300x155.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"366\" height=\"189\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-19-143110-300x155.png 300w, https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-19-143110.png 327w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 366px) 100vw, 366px\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Restructuring of key cultural bodies<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A common restructuring framework is being applied to four major cultural institutions.<\/li>\n<li>These include Sahitya Akademi, Sangeet Natak Akademi, Lalit Kala Akademi and the National School of Drama.<\/li>\n<li>The move is part of a broader plan to standardise awards and governance across departments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>About Sahitya Akademi Awards<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Given for outstanding books of literary merit in Indian languages recognised by the Akademi.<\/li>\n<li>Cover 22 Constitution\u2011listed languages plus English and Rajasthani in Akademi programmes.<\/li>\n<li>Awardees receive a plaque, shawl and a cash prize of around \u20b91 lakh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key facts about Sahitya Akademi<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>National Academy of Letters formally set up by the Government of India in March 1954.<\/li>\n<li>Registered as a society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.<\/li>\n<li>Premier national institution for literary dialogue, publication and promotion in 24 languages.<\/li>\n<li>Functions as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Culture with headquarters in New Delhi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. India-Oman sign pact GS Paper\u2011II \u2013 International Relations (India and its neighbourhood; India and GCC\/West Asia) Context<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3667,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3659","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-daily-current-affairs"],"featured_image_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/a_India-Oman_sign_pact.png",1024,1024,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/a_India-Oman_sign_pact-150x150.png",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/a_India-Oman_sign_pact-300x300.png",300,300,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/a_India-Oman_sign_pact-768x768.png",640,640,true],"large":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/a_India-Oman_sign_pact.png",640,640,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/a_India-Oman_sign_pact.png",1024,1024,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/a_India-Oman_sign_pact.png",1024,1024,false],"morenews-large":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/a_India-Oman_sign_pact-825x575.png",825,575,true],"morenews-medium":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/a_India-Oman_sign_pact-590x410.png",590,410,true]},"author_info":{"display_name":"Nithin DTPoperator","author_link":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/author\/nithindtp\/"},"category_info":"<a href=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/category\/daily-current-affairs\/\" rel=\"category tag\">DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS<\/a>","tag_info":"DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS","comment_count":"0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3659","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3659"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3659\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3662,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3659\/revisions\/3662"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3667"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3659"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3659"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3659"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}