{"id":3614,"date":"2025-12-16T08:29:52","date_gmt":"2025-12-16T08:29:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/?p=3614"},"modified":"2025-12-16T11:44:21","modified_gmt":"2025-12-16T11:44:21","slug":"current-affairs-13th-december-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/2025\/12\/16\/current-affairs-13th-december-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"Current Affairs 13th December 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">1. Centre likely to rebrand MGNREGS as Pujya Bapu Gramin Rozgar yojana<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>GS Paper II \u2013 Governance, Welfare Schemes, Government Policies <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Context :<\/strong>Union Cabinet has cleared a proposal to replace\/modify MGNREGA through a new Bill in the ongoing or upcoming Parliament session.\u200b<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The move includes rebranding, higher guaranteed workdays and changes in design and funding norms.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Background of the scheme<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Original National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was passed in 2005 to provide a justiciable right to rural employment.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>It was renamed Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act\/Scheme (MGNREGA\/MGNREGS) in 2009 to honour Gandhiji and emphasise rural livelihood security.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Proposed renaming<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The scheme will be renamed \u201cPujya Bapu Gramin Rozgar Yojana \/ Rozgar Guarantee Yojana\u201d while the legal framework is recast.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Government frames the renaming as a tribute to Mahatma Gandhi, though critics see it as political rebranding of a UPA-era flagship.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Increase in guaranteed days<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The proposal enhances statutory guarantee from 100 to 125 days of wage employment per eligible rural household.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Objective is to strengthen rural incomes and provide a larger safety-net during agrarian distress and seasonal unemployment.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Reality check: employment actually provided<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Official data show average days of employment in recent years have been around 50 days per household, far below the 100-day legal guarantee.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Implementation gaps arise from delayed payments, inadequate funds and worksite shortages, so higher legal days may not automatically mean more actual work.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Review committee<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In 2022, the Rural Development Ministry set up a committee chaired by former secretary Amarjeet Sinha to review and restructure MGNREGA.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Terms of reference included revisiting types of works, improving fund use, revising wages and addressing governance and technology-related issues.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible change in funding pattern<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Presently, wages are fully borne by Centre while material and administrative costs are shared between Centre and States.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Reports indicate discussions on linking central share and allocations more closely to state-level economic indicators and performance, introducing possible exclusion or differentiation clauses.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Constitutional dimensions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Scheme flows from Directive Principles, especially Article 39 (adequate livelihood) and Article 41 (right to work and public assistance).\u200b<\/li>\n<li>By giving a legal right to demand work with compensation for non-provision, it operationalises socio-economic rights within the constitutional framework.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Governance dimensions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Implementation involves Gram Sabhas for planning, Panchayats for execution and strong transparency provisions like social audits and proactive disclosure.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Persistent issues include delayed wage payments, technological exclusion (NMMS app), capacity gaps in panchayats and underfunding, which reforms and the new Bill aim to address<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>2. <\/strong><\/span><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">A Critical story that a chunk of the media missed<\/span> <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>GS Paper III \u2013 Indian Economy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Context :<\/strong>IMF has reportedly given India\u2019s national accounts statistics, including GDP and GVA, a low \u201cC\u201d grade.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This coincided with Q2 GDP growth of 8.2%, yet the grading got little attention in mainstream media.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Core issue highlighted<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reliability of India\u2019s GDP numbers, especially how growth is calculated after major shocks.<\/li>\n<li>Dependence on methods that may mis-measure the informal\/unorganised sector.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>What IMF said and why it matters<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>IMF\u2019s grading signals concerns over quality, transparency and methodology of India\u2019s national accounts.<\/li>\n<li>As a key external assessor, IMF\u2019s doubts can affect investor confidence, policy credibility and global perception.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why IMF\u2019s grading is important<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>India is a major G20 economy; weak data can distort domestic policy choices and international comparisons.<\/li>\n<li>Global institutions, ratings agencies and markets rely on these statistics for decisions on lending and investment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Media\u2019s role and its failure<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Most outlets either ignored or buried the IMF story, despite its systemic importance.<\/li>\n<li>This failure leaves citizens and even policymakers less informed about weaknesses in economic data.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>The technical problem: unorganised sector<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>India uses organised-sector data as a proxy to estimate output in the unorganised sector.<\/li>\n<li>After shocks like demonetisation, GST and COVID-19, organised and unorganised sectors moved in different directions, breaking this proxy link.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why this ethos is problematic<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Treating proxies and assumptions as hard facts undermines statistical integrity and public trust.<\/li>\n<li>It encourages complacency instead of investing in better surveys, coverage and data systems for the informal economy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Implications for quarterly GDP estimates<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Quarterly GDP rests on many assumptions because timely data for the unorganised sector are lacking.<\/li>\n<li>This can overestimate growth when the formal sector does well but the informal sector is struggling.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Can India fix the problem soon?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Work is ongoing to change the base year and improve methods, but structural data gaps persist.<\/li>\n<li>Experts quoted in the article are sceptical that India can fully address IMF\u2019s concerns quickly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Larger message of the article<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Citizens must treat GDP numbers with caution and demand better data, not blind celebration of headline growth.<\/li>\n<li>A vigilant media is essential to question official statistics; when it fails, democratic accountability and sound policy both suffer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>3. Bangladesh to hold general election, July Charter referendum on February 12<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>GS paper II-IR <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Charter will decide key reforms in the post\u2011Hasina transition, making it central to the country\u2019s political future.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>What is the July National Charter<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3615 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-16-135706-300x159.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"332\" height=\"176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-16-135706-300x159.png 300w, https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-16-135706.png 481w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 332px) 100vw, 332px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A post\u2011uprising political roadmap proposing major changes to Bangladesh\u2019s 1972 Constitution and institutional framework.<\/li>\n<li>Drafted as a consensus document between the Muhammad Yunus\u2013led interim administration and multiple political parties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Origins and actors<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Emerged after the July 2024 mass movement that toppled the previous government and demanded democratic restructuring.<\/li>\n<li>Negotiated with around 30 parties and endorsed by a National Consensus Commission to reflect broad societal agreement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Core objectives<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lock in democratic reforms that prevent a return to authoritarian concentration of power.<\/li>\n<li>Reform constitutional, electoral, administrative and judicial systems to make them more accountable and independent.<\/li>\n<li>Embed the achievements of the pro\u2011democracy movement firmly within the formal constitutional order.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Main features<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A 28\u2011point agenda outlining concrete steps for political, electoral and institutional change.<\/li>\n<li>Commits future governments to translate the Charter into constitutional amendments, new laws and policy measures.<\/li>\n<li>Sets a two\u2011year time frame after the new government takes office to complete the core reform package.<\/li>\n<li>Provides for legal and constitutional guarantees that Charter provisions cannot be easily reversed.<\/li>\n<li>Formally recognises the July 2024 pro\u2011democracy uprising as a historic event in Bangladesh\u2019s state narrative.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Political support base<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Backed by the National Consensus Commission created during the interim period.<\/li>\n<li>Supported by roughly 25\u201330 parties across the spectrum, signalling wide\u2014though not universal\u2014political buy\u2011in.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Significance for Bangladesh<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Intended to lay the foundations of a new democratic path after the fall of Sheikh Hasina\u2019s long\u2011running administration.<\/li>\n<li>Aims to rebuild trust in elections, enhance judicial and electoral independence and curb abuse of law\u2011enforcement agencies.<\/li>\n<li>Could reconfigure the balance between executive, legislature and judiciary and strengthen anti\u2011corruption safeguards.<\/li>\n<li>Seen as an important step in post\u2011crisis state\u2011building, moving the polity from centralised rule towards more participatory governance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">4. The Indian Ocean as cradle of new blue economy<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>GS Paper II (International Relations &amp; Regional Cooperation)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Context :<\/strong>Linked to current debates on blue economy, climate\u2011resilient development and Indian Ocean regional forums.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reflects India\u2019s growing activism in ocean governance ahead of major UN and regional maritime meetings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Central argument of the article<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Indian Ocean should be shaped as a laboratory of sustainability, innovation and resilience, not rivalry.<\/li>\n<li>India, with its history and geography, must guide a rules\u2011based, equitable blue\u2011economy order in this region.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>India\u2019s historical role in ocean governance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In UNCLOS negotiations, India backed \u201ccommon heritage of mankind\u201d for seabed beyond national jurisdiction.<\/li>\n<li>From Nehru onward, Indian leaders stressed ocean stewardship for shared prosperity, not narrow advantage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why the Indian Ocean is crucial today<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Region hosts about one\u2011third of humanity and many climate\u2011vulnerable island and coastal states.<\/li>\n<li>Climate change, rising seas, acidification and overfishing are degrading marine life and economic security.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>India\u2019s Blue Ocean strategy: three pillars<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stewardship of the commons: protecting ocean as a shared resource through conservation and regulation.<\/li>\n<li>Resilience: building climate\u2011resilient coasts, communities and ecosystems against rising climate risks.<\/li>\n<li>Inclusive growth: ensuring blue\u2011economy benefits for coastal communities, small states and developing partners.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Rising global blue finance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>New multilateral and private funds are emerging to support sustainable ocean projects and green shipping.<\/li>\n<li>Forums like Blue Economy and Finance initiatives are mobilising billions for resilient marine investments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Security through sustainability<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Author argues long\u2011term maritime security flows from healthy ecosystems and climate\u2011resilient coasts.<\/li>\n<li>Illicit fishing, pollution and climate impacts are framed as core security threats, not just naval balances.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>India\u2019s SAGAR doctrine<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cSecurity and Growth for All in the Region\u201d sees Indian Ocean as a cooperative, consultative space.<\/li>\n<li>It emphasises capacity\u2011building, disaster response and common security of sea\u2011lanes with neighbours.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Global ocean governance and India\u2019s opportunity<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ongoing talks on Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction and other UN processes need credible leadership.<\/li>\n<li>India can showcase inclusive blue\u2011economy models and bridge developed\u2013developing interests in these forums.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>5. Childcare isn\u2019t just a social safety net. It\u2019s a lever for growth<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>GS paper II-governance<\/p>\n<p><strong>Context :<\/strong>Recent analyses highlight childcare as a core growth lever, coinciding with debates on women\u2019s workforce participation and demographic shifts.<img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3616 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-16-135802-300x171.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-16-135802-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-16-135802.png 376w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>What is childcare?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Integrated system of early care, learning, nutrition, safety and stimulation for young children.<\/li>\n<li>Delivered through Anganwadis, cr\u00e8ches, preschools and community or workplace-based centres.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Major trends<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Around 1.4 million Anganwadis serve roughly 23 million children but large coverage gaps persist.<\/li>\n<li>Women spend far more time than men on unpaid care work, severely limiting their paid work opportunities.<\/li>\n<li>Urban and migrant-heavy areas face acute childcare shortages, with few fully functional centres.<\/li>\n<li>Childcare workers are poorly paid, inadequately trained and lack clear career pathways.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why childcare is essential<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reliable childcare enables mothers to enter, stay in and progress within the labour market.<\/li>\n<li>Quality early care supports brain development, improving learning, health and life chances.<\/li>\n<li>Acts as \u201csoft infrastructure\u201d that boosts productivity and helps achieve high, sustained growth.<\/li>\n<li>Particularly vital for informal workers, migrants and low-income families who lack private options.<\/li>\n<li>Supports better outcomes in the context of falling fertility and an ageing future population.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key initiatives so far<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ICDS provides nutrition, health and preschool education to young children and mothers.<\/li>\n<li>Poshan-related digital tools offer guidance to caregivers on early stimulation and nutrition.<\/li>\n<li>Palna scheme supports workplace cr\u00e8ches but current coverage remains limited.<\/li>\n<li>Some states extend Anganwadi hours, add preschool educators and use para\u2011professionals or interns.<\/li>\n<li>Civil society organisations demonstrate low-cost models and advocate for worker recognition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Major challenges<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Care workers face low pay, high workload, limited training and minimal social protection.<\/li>\n<li>Urban childcare remains scarce, especially in informal settlements and industrial clusters.<\/li>\n<li>Responsibilities are split across ministries, causing weak coordination and policy fragmentation.<\/li>\n<li>Many centres suffer from poor infrastructure, short hours and inadequate learning materials.<\/li>\n<li>Heavy unpaid care burden keeps female labour force participation low and unequal.<\/li>\n<li>Public spending on early childcare is small compared to international best practice levels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Way forward<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Launch a unified National Mission on Early Childhood Care to coordinate all childcare policies.<\/li>\n<li>Transform Anganwadis into full\u2011day, high-quality centres with better buildings and longer hours.<\/li>\n<li>Professionalise and adequately remunerate the care workforce, with training and social security.<\/li>\n<li>Use a blended model that combines physical centres with digital tools to support parents at home.<\/li>\n<li>Rapidly expand urban childcare in industrial areas, service hubs and migrant-dense settlements.<\/li>\n<li>Gradually raise public investment in childcare toward at least 1% of GDP for universal quality access.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Childcare should be recognised as a productive economic investment rather than a residual welfare expense.<\/li>\n<li>By strengthening childcare systems and valuing care work, India can enhance growth, gender equality and long-term human capital.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">6. The invisible epidemic: why air pollution is now India\u2019s largest health threat<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>GS PAPER I Geography<\/p>\n<p><strong>Context :<\/strong>Recent health and air-quality studies rank air pollution as India\u2019s largest health threat, with major life\u2011expectancy losses.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Current air pollution pattern<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pollution has become a year\u2011round national problem affecting both cities and villages.<img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3617 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-16-135846-300x171.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"346\" height=\"197\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-16-135846-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Screenshot-2025-12-16-135846.png 338w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>A majority of monitored cities exceed PM2.5 limits, showing widespread non-compliance.<\/li>\n<li>Northern metros routinely record PM2.5 levels far above Indian and WHO standards.<\/li>\n<li>Air\u2011quality indices cap at 500, hiding extreme values that often go even higher.<\/li>\n<li>Long-term exposure is estimated to reduce life expectancy by several years in polluted regions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Main structural drivers<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rapidly growing vehicle numbers, old diesel fleets and weak public transport emit NOx and fine particulates.<\/li>\n<li>Coal power plants, brick kilns, refineries and small industries release SO\u2082, NOx and PM throughout the year.<\/li>\n<li>Construction and demolition activities create large loads of coarse and fine dust in expanding cities.<\/li>\n<li>Widespread use of biomass for cooking in rural and peri\u2011urban homes adds major indoor and outdoor smoke.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Seasonal intensifiers<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Post-harvest stubble burning in north India triggers sharp but short-lived particulate spikes.<\/li>\n<li>Winter inversions trap pollutants near the ground, worsening smog episodes.<\/li>\n<li>Fireworks and festival combustion on low\u2011wind days cause sudden surges of toxic gases and particulates.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Health impacts: heart and lungs<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fine particles enter the bloodstream, increasing inflammation, high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes.<\/li>\n<li>Each incremental rise in PM2.5 is associated with higher annual death risk from cardiovascular causes.<\/li>\n<li>Respiratory diseases such as asthma, COPD and chronic bronchitis rise, especially among children.<\/li>\n<li>Children in polluted areas show more emergency visits and measurable declines in lung function.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Health impacts: brain and development<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tiny particles can cross the blood\u2013brain barrier, contributing to neuroinflammation and cognitive decline.<\/li>\n<li>Long-term exposure is linked to higher dementia risk and poorer academic performance in polluted cities.<\/li>\n<li>For pregnant women, pollution increases chances of preterm birth, low birth weight and stillbirths.<\/li>\n<li>These early-life harms deepen long-run health and economic inequalities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Inequality and vulnerability<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Poor households often live next to busy roads, landfills or industrial clusters with highest pollution.<\/li>\n<li>Limited access to healthcare and clean fuels means they face higher exposure and worse outcomes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Steps taken so far<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The National Clean Air Programme sets reduction targets for PM levels in non-attainment cities.<\/li>\n<li>Measures include cleaner vehicle norms, EV promotion, graded responses in Delhi\u2011NCR and tighter industrial rules.<\/li>\n<li>Courts and tribunals have ordered controls on stubble burning, firecrackers and industrial emissions.<\/li>\n<li>Real\u2011time monitoring networks, satellite data and low-emission zones are being piloted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Policy priorities going ahead<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Update air\u2011quality standards and indices, prioritising PM2.5 and aligning limits more closely with health science.<\/li>\n<li>Strengthen pollution control institutions with more staff, funds and independent technical capacity.<\/li>\n<li>Speed up clean transport and industrial transitions, including electrified public transport and stricter stack norms.<\/li>\n<li>Enforce dust and waste\u2011burning controls through better urban planning, mechanised cleaning and waste management.<\/li>\n<li>Integrate health systems with air\u2011quality alerts, screening programmes and community-level clean\u2011air action.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Air pollution in India operates like a silent, chronic epidemic, undermining health, productivity and equity.<\/li>\n<li>Recognising clean air as a basic right and treating air\u2011quality management as a national public\u2011health mission are essential for a safer, more equal future.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>July National Charter is a multi\u2011party reform document aimed at reducing executive dominance and strengthening judicial and electoral independence.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Statement 3:<\/strong>\u00a0Incorrect \u2013 the Charter was negotiated by the interim Muhammad Yunus\u2011led administration with a broad coalition of parties, not drafted solely by the BNP.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Centre likely to rebrand MGNREGS as Pujya Bapu Gramin Rozgar yojana GS Paper II \u2013 Governance, Welfare<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3627,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3614","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-daily-current-affairs"],"featured_image_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/b_Centre_likely_to_reb.png",1024,1024,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/b_Centre_likely_to_reb-150x150.png",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/b_Centre_likely_to_reb-300x300.png",300,300,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/b_Centre_likely_to_reb-768x768.png",640,640,true],"large":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/b_Centre_likely_to_reb.png",640,640,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/b_Centre_likely_to_reb.png",1024,1024,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/b_Centre_likely_to_reb.png",1024,1024,false],"morenews-large":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/b_Centre_likely_to_reb-825x575.png",825,575,true],"morenews-medium":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/b_Centre_likely_to_reb-590x410.png",590,410,true]},"author_info":{"display_name":"Nithin DTPoperator","author_link":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/author\/nithindtp\/"},"category_info":"<a href=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/category\/daily-current-affairs\/\" rel=\"category tag\">DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS<\/a>","tag_info":"DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS","comment_count":"0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3614","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3614"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3614\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3626,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3614\/revisions\/3626"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3627"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3614"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3614"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3614"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}