{"id":3308,"date":"2025-11-28T07:41:08","date_gmt":"2025-11-28T07:41:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/?p=3308"},"modified":"2025-12-01T04:39:00","modified_gmt":"2025-12-01T04:39:00","slug":"current-affairs-28th-november-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/2025\/11\/28\/current-affairs-28th-november-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"Current Affairs 28th November 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>1. Passive euthanasia ;SC forms medical board for 31 year old man <\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>GS Paper I :\u00a0Indian Polity &amp; Governance<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Cotext :<\/strong>A father has approached the Supreme Court seeking passive euthanasia for his 31\u2011year\u2011old son, who has 100% disability with quadriplegia and has been in a vegetative state for over a decade.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Supreme Court has directed the district hospital to form a primary medical board, assess whether life\u2011sustaining treatment can be withdrawn, and report within a set time, after which the Court will take a final call.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Meaning of Euthanasia<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Literally means \u201cgood death\u201d; intentional ending of life to relieve unbearable suffering.<\/li>\n<li>Involves a deliberate act or omission that hastens death in terminal or irreversible illness.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Types of Euthanasia<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>a) Active euthanasia<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Death caused by a direct act (e.g., lethal injection or fatal drug dose).<\/li>\n<li>Act itself is the immediate cause of death, not the disease.<\/li>\n<li>Generally illegal in India and most countries; allowed only in few under strict laws.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>b) Passive euthanasia<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Withholding or withdrawing life\u2011support (ventilator, feeding tubes, key drugs).<\/li>\n<li>Allows underlying disease to cause death when treatment is deemed futile.<\/li>\n<li>Legally permitted in India under detailed safeguards laid down by the Supreme Court.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why Patients\/Families Seek Euthanasia<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To end intense, unrelievable pain or suffering when cure is impossible.<\/li>\n<li>Feeling of loss of dignity, autonomy, and meaningful quality of life.<\/li>\n<li>Emotional and financial strain of prolonged intensive care on family.<\/li>\n<li>Wish to avoid long, artificial prolongation of life with no realistic recovery.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Global Legality \u2013 <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Some European states (e.g., Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg) allow active euthanasia\/assisted dying with strict criteria.<\/li>\n<li>Certain US states, Canada, New Zealand permit physician\u2011assisted dying for competent adults with terminal illness.<\/li>\n<li>Many countries accept \u201cpassive euthanasia\u201d via DNR orders and refusal of futile treatment, even if not named as euthanasia.<\/li>\n<li>In a large number of jurisdictions, both active euthanasia and assisted suicide remain illegal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Euthanasia in India \u2013 Legal Framework (Passive Only)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Supreme Court Position<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Recognises passive euthanasia (withdrawal of life support) in exceptional cases.<\/li>\n<li>Accepts \u201cadvance directives\u201d or living wills for refusal of life\u2011prolonging treatment by competent adults.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key Safeguards<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Patient must be terminally ill or in permanent vegetative state with no reasonable chance of recovery.<\/li>\n<li>Hospital\u2011level or independent medical board must certify medical condition and futility of continued life support.<\/li>\n<li>Court\u2011supervised or legally prescribed procedure must be followed before stopping treatment.<\/li>\n<li>Current case of the 31\u2011year\u2011old quadriplegic man fits this framework: SC has ordered a medical board report before deciding on passive euthanasia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quadriplegia: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>What is Quadriplegia?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Also called tetraplegia; paralysis of all four limbs and usually trunk.<\/li>\n<li>Caused by damage to cervical spinal cord from trauma, stroke, tumours, or neurological disease.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Effects<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Severe loss of movement and sensation in arms, legs, and torso.<\/li>\n<li>Bladder and bowel dysfunction; high risk of infections and pressure sores.<\/li>\n<li>Breathing difficulty if higher neck segments injured; may need ventilator.<\/li>\n<li>Near\u2011total dependence for daily activities; heavy psychological and family stress.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Treatment and Management<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>No cure for complete spinal cord injury; focus is on rehab and preventing complications.<\/li>\n<li>Acute: spinal stabilisation surgery where possible, medicines, support for breathing and circulation.<\/li>\n<li>Long term: physiotherapy and occupational therapy to maximise residual function.<\/li>\n<li>Use of wheelchairs, special beds, communication aids and other assistive devices.<\/li>\n<li>Regular care for bladder\/bowel, skin, and lungs to avoid sores and infections.<\/li>\n<li>Psychological counselling, social and caregiver support are essential.<\/li>\n<li>Experimental options (stem cells, nerve repair) are under research, not standard therapy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>2. The INO that wasn\u2019t and the JUNO that is<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>GS Paper III (Science &amp; Technology, Economy):Big Science projects in India (INO) and international collaborations (JUNO)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Context :<\/strong>China has completed and begun operating the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), a huge underground neutrino detector.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This highlights the contrast with India\u2019s India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO), which has remained stalled for years despite similar scientific goals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Background: Neutrinos and why study them?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>What are neutrinos?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Neutrinos are electrically neutral, extremely light subatomic particles.<\/li>\n<li>They interact very weakly with matter, so trillions pass through our bodies and the Earth every second without effect.<\/li>\n<li>They come in three \u201cflavours\u201d: electron, muon and tau neutrinos.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why are neutrinos important?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>They help probe processes inside the Sun, supernovae and the early universe.<\/li>\n<li>Their tiny masses and behaviour test physics beyond the Standard Model.<\/li>\n<li>Understanding them improves knowledge of fundamental forces and cosmic evolution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>What is INO (India-based Neutrino Observatory)?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A proposed underground laboratory in the Theni region of Tamil Nadu to host a large Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) neutrino detector.<\/li>\n<li>Planned to be built inside a mountain tunnel to shield it from cosmic rays.<\/li>\n<li>Main aims: study atmospheric neutrinos, neutrino oscillations and determine the ordering of neutrino masses (mass hierarchy).<\/li>\n<li>Designed as a flagship \u201cbig science\u201d facility showcasing Indian capability in detector technology and data analysis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why did the INO project fail to take off?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Local opposition over environmental and safety concerns about tunnelling under a hill.<\/li>\n<li>The project\u2019s association with the Department of Atomic Energy triggered fears and political controversy.<\/li>\n<li>Delays in clearances, changing conditions, and lack of consistent political backing.<\/li>\n<li>Collaboration could not secure timely construction and funding, so deadlines slipped repeatedly until the project effectively stalled.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>China\u2019s JUNO: what did China do differently?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chose and completed a very large underground site and detector on a fast, clearly supported national timeline.<\/li>\n<li>Ensured strong, sustained government backing and funding as a strategic science priority.<\/li>\n<li>Built a broad international collaboration, attracting researchers and resources from many countries.<\/li>\n<li>Reached the data\u2011taking stage and has already released initial performance results.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Neutrino oscillations and mass ordering (scientific goals)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Neutrino oscillations<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Neutrinos can change from one flavour (electron, muon, tau) to another as they travel.<\/li>\n<li>This \u201coscillation\u201d implies neutrinos have mass and mix, described by several mixing angles and mass\u2011squared differences.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Mass ordering (hierarchy)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Refers to whether the three neutrino masses are arranged as:\n<ul>\n<li>Normal ordering: m1 &lt; m2 &lt; m3, or<\/li>\n<li>Inverted ordering: m3 &lt; m1 &lt; m2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Both INO (through atmospheric neutrinos in ICAL) and JUNO (through reactor neutrinos in a liquid scintillator detector) were designed to pin down this ordering with high precision.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Missed opportunity for India<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>INO would have placed India at the forefront of neutrino physics and big\u2011detector engineering.<\/li>\n<li>Delay has meant loss of leadership, training opportunities for young scientists, and associated technology spin\u2011offs.<\/li>\n<li>JUNO now leads the race to determine neutrino mass ordering and related parameters, while India remains largely on the sidelines instead of being a major experimental hub.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>3. Cyclone Ditwah<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>GS Paper I:\u00a0Indian and World Geography<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Context :<\/strong>A cyclonic storm over the southwest Bay of Bengal, heading towards Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and south Andhra Pradesh.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Expected to come close to the TN\u2013Puducherry coast around 30 November, raising landfall\/flood risk.<\/li>\n<li>IMD\/RMC Chennai have issued red and orange alerts for very heavy to extremely heavy rain.<\/li>\n<li>TN government has activated disaster management, fishermen bans, school closures, and preparedness measures.<\/li>\n<li>May reduce Chennai\u2019s rainfall deficit but can cause serious flooding in low\u2011lying areas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>What is Cyclone Ditwah?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A cyclonic storm that formed from a deep depression over the southwest Bay of Bengal near Sri Lanka.<\/li>\n<li>Name \u201cDitwah\u201d (meaning lagoon) was given by Yemen under WMO\u2019s cyclone\u2011naming list.<\/li>\n<li>On 28 November, located roughly 570 km SSE of Puducherry and 670 km SSE of Chennai.<\/li>\n<li>Classified as a cyclonic storm (below \u201csevere\u201d level), moving north\u2011northwest at about 8\u201313 km\/h.<\/li>\n<li>Core winds around 60\u201380 km\/h, gusting to ~90 km\/h; outer bands 35\u201345 km\/h, gusting to ~55 km\/h.<\/li>\n<li>Likely to intensify somewhat but not to a very severe cyclone; will skirt Sri Lanka then head towards TN coast.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Effects on Tamil Nadu and Neighbouring Areas<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Very heavy to extremely heavy rainfall in delta and southern districts; risk of urban and river flooding.<\/li>\n<li>Strong winds may uproot trees, damage lines and disrupt power and transport.<\/li>\n<li>Rough seas and high waves make sea conditions unsafe for fishing and coastal activity.<\/li>\n<li>Short\u2011term disruption to schools, transport and agriculture; paddy in delta districts especially vulnerable.<\/li>\n<li>Medium\u2011term benefit through improved reservoir levels and easing rainfall deficit, including for Chennai.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Development and Path of the Storm<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Originated as a deep depression near Sri Lanka on 26\u201327 November, then intensified into a cyclonic storm.<\/li>\n<li>Initially centred near Pottuvil\/Batticaloa region of Sri Lanka, about 600\u2013700 km from Chennai\/Puducherry.<\/li>\n<li>Moving north\u2011northwest across the southwest Bay of Bengal and along Sri Lanka\u2019s coast.<\/li>\n<li>Expected to reach off the coasts of north TN, Puducherry and south Andhra Pradesh by early 30 November.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Alerts, Impacts and Preparations<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Red alert for extremely heavy rain in delta districts: Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Mayiladuthurai.<\/li>\n<li>Orange alert for heavy to very heavy rain in districts like Chennai, Tiruvallur, Cuddalore, Chengalpattu, Villupuram.<\/li>\n<li>Fishermen advised not to venture into the Bay; rough seas likely till around 1\u20132 December.<\/li>\n<li>Disaster Response teams on standby; evacuation from very low\u2011lying and coastal hamlets where needed.<\/li>\n<li>Residents advised to avoid sea fronts, clear drains, store essentials and follow official weather and safety advisories.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>4. Sirpur Archaeological Site<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>GS Paper I -history -Art &amp;culture <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Context :<\/strong>Chhattisgarh government is upgrading Sirpur for UNESCO World Heritage nomination with battery-operated carts, paved pathways, and 3D interpretation center.\u200b<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3309 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-28-130857-300x182.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"341\" height=\"207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-28-130857-300x182.png 300w, https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-28-130857.png 319w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 341px) 100vw, 341px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Plans include four thematic clusters (Buddhist, Hindu, civic-administrative, riverine), trilingual signage, QR panels, eco-tourism, and ASI land transfer for unified management.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Recent joint inspections and proposal to Union Culture Ministry aim to boost tourism while preserving integrity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Location<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lies on the Mahanadi River banks in Mahasamund district, Chhattisgarh, about 2 hours from Raipur.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Forms a sacred riverine landscape with ghats and temple clusters, blending natural and human elements per UNESCO criteria.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Historical Background<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Identified in 1882 by Alexander Cunningham; excavations resumed in 1950s, 1990s, and 2003.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Served as capital under Panduvanshi and Somavamshi kings (6th\u20138th centuries).\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Uncovered: 22 Shiva temples, 5 Vishnu temples, 10 Buddhist viharas, 3 Jain viharas; earliest from 5th century AD.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Architectural Highlights<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lakshmana Temple (7th century)<\/strong>: Finest brick temple on stone jagati with sculpted shikhara, Vishnu carvings, and maithuna panels.\u200b<\/li>\n<li><strong>Surang Tila Complex<\/strong>: Panchayatana style on 9m terrace with 37 steps, four Shiva shrines, Ganesha shrine, 32-pillared mandapa.\u200b<\/li>\n<li><strong>Teevardev Buddha Vihara (8th century)<\/strong>: Monastery with monolithic Avalokiteshvara statue, inscriptions, blended iconography.\u200b<\/li>\n<li><strong>Baleshwar and Gandheshwar Temples<\/strong>: Feature carved pillars, female figures, marble lingam; latter reuses sculptures symbolizing continuity.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Urban Features<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>6th-century market complex indicating commercial hub status.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Infrastructure includes meditation cells, stupas, and advanced water management<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>5. Scheme to Promote Manufacturing of Sintered Rare Earth Permanent Magnets (REPM)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Context :<\/strong>The Union Cabinet approved this \u20b97,280-crore scheme to drastically reduce India\u2019s dependence on imported REPMs.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It marks India&#8217;s first-ever effort to create an integrated REPM manufacturing ecosystem domestically.<\/li>\n<li>The initiative supports the national goal of technological self-reliance and aligns with India\u2019s Net Zero 2070 carbon-neutral commitment.<\/li>\n<li>It is a significant step toward securing strategic materials crucial for India\u2019s electric mobility, clean energy ambitions, and defence capabilities.<\/li>\n<li>The scheme also aims to create employment, foster innovation, and enhance India\u2019s competitiveness in the global rare earth magnets market.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>What is the Scheme?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is a pioneering national initiative to establish a fully integrated domestic production chain for Rare Earth Permanent Magnets (REPM).<\/li>\n<li>The scheme covers the entire value chain \u2014 from rare earth oxides to metals, alloys, and finally finished high-performance sintered REPMs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Administering Ministry<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ministry of Mines oversees the scheme, with coordination from the Department of Atomic Energy and NITI Aayog.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Targets and Capacity<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Set up 6,000 Metric Tons Per Annum (MTPA) of integrated REPM manufacturing capacity.<\/li>\n<li>Five beneficiaries will be chosen globally via competitive bidding, each allotted up to 1,200 MTPA capacity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Financial Details<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Total budget: \u20b97,280 crore.<\/li>\n<li>\u20b96,450 crore in sales-linked incentives over 5 years to encourage high-quality production and global competitiveness.<\/li>\n<li>\u20b9750 crore as capital subsidy for plant setup aiding expensive technologies such as oxide-to-metal conversion, alloying, and sintering.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Timeline<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The scheme duration is 7 years.<\/li>\n<li>2 years allotted for setting up manufacturing facilities.<\/li>\n<li>5 years for disbursing sales-based incentives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Scope of Manufacturing<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Comprehensive coverage of all stages: conversion of rare-earth oxides \u2192 metals \u2192 alloys \u2192 finished sintered REPMs under one roof.<\/li>\n<li>This integrated approach aims to promote efficiency, minimize costs, and secure the domestic supply chain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>About Sintered Rare Earth Permanent Magnets (REPM)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>What are REPMs?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>NdFeB (Neodymium-Iron-Boron) magnets are the strongest commercial magnets, created by sintering rare-earth-based alloys.<\/li>\n<li>These magnets are critical for electric vehicles, renewable energy devices, aerospace, defence, and high-tech electronics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Current Indian Context<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>India holds 6.9 million tonnes of rare earth element reserves, ranking 5th globally.<\/li>\n<li>Despite this, India produces only about 1% of global REPM supply.<\/li>\n<li>India currently relies almost entirely on imports for REPMs.<\/li>\n<li>China dominates global supply, controlling approximately 90% of REPM production.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key Characteristics of REPMs<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Extremely strong magnetic properties.<\/li>\n<li>Can withstand high temperatures without performance loss.<\/li>\n<li>Compact in size yet deliver superior magnetic performance.<\/li>\n<li>No alternative materials match REPMs for many advanced applications.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">6. Gene-edited rice varieties Pusa DST-1 and DRR Dhan 100<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>GS paper III-<strong>Science &amp; Technology \/ Agriculture (Biotechnology and Crop Improvement)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Context : <\/strong>ICAR rebutted bias allegations by Coalition for GM-Free India over AICRPR trials, calling claims &#8220;baseless and motivated&#8221; against development.\u200b<img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3310 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-28-131004-300x172.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"352\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-28-131004-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-28-131004.png 403w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 352px) 100vw, 352px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Controversy highlights debates on safety, ecological risks, and regulation of gene-editing vs. GM crops.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Pusa DST-1 Characteristics<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improved MTU1010 variant from ICAR-IARI, targeting DST gene for drought\/salinity tolerance.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Yields 15% more in alkaline soils, 30% in coastal saline areas; suited for southern states.\u200b\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Features reduced stomatal density for water conservation, enhanced tillering, and survival under 200 mM NaCl stress.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>DRR Dhan 100 (Kamala) Features<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Enhanced Samba Mahsuri from ICAR-IIRR, editing OsCKX2 gene for higher grain yield and early maturity.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Delivers 9-22% higher yields across seasons, matures 20 days earlier, with lodging resistance and 19% overall gain.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Climate-resilient with lower methane emissions (20% reduction), water savings (7,500 million cubic meters annually), and efficiency under low fertilizers.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Development and Validation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rigorous AICRPR trials across 100+ sites over 2-3 years confirm superiority in salinity, alkalinity, and climate-stressed conditions.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Exempt from GMO rules (Rules 7-11) as SDN-1 edits mimic natural mutations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">7. Why are Srinagar\u2019s traditions livelihood struggling to survive ?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>GS\u20113: Economy, inclusive growth, environmental degradation, climate resilience and disaster management.<\/p>\n<p>GS\u20112: Governance in UTs, centre\u2013state (centre\u2013UT) relations, and institutional response in conflict\u2011sensitive regions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Context :<\/strong>Srinagar\u2019s traditional livelihoods (tourism, horticulture, crafts) are under stress due to recent floods, ecological degradation and post\u2011Article 370 governance changes.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A 2025 explainer highlights how these shocks have deepened unemployment and exposed the city\u2019s economic and environmental fragility.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why Srinagar Matters<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Srinagar sits in a fragile Himalayan valley where wetlands, lakes and orchards directly support jobs and incomes.<\/li>\n<li>It is the main urban hub linking rural apple\/saffron belts with tourism and handicraft markets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Post\u2011Article 370 Changes<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>State to UT shift disrupted administration, investment sentiment and supply chains.<\/li>\n<li>Communication curbs and policy uncertainty hurt tourism, horticulture exports and artisan markets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ecological Stress and Urbanisation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Wetlands and lakes are encroached for housing and \u201csmart city\u201d projects, weakening natural flood buffers.<\/li>\n<li>Urban sprawl (e.g., building over former marshes) raises living costs and increases flood and water\u2011logging risks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Livelihood Crisis<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tourism, horticulture and handicrafts together support lakhs but all have seen demand and price shocks.<\/li>\n<li>Youth and women face very high unemployment; many artisans and vendors are pushed out of traditional spaces.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why the Current Model Falls Short<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Big infrastructure and real\u2011estate projects favour capital\u2011intensive growth over local, livelihood\u2011rich sectors.<\/li>\n<li>Street vendors, small artisans and women workers are excluded from formal planning and market access.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Pathways for Sustainable Growth<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Strengthen horticulture with cold\u2011chains, climate\u2011smart crops, MSP\u2011like support and farmer cooperatives.<\/li>\n<li>Promote community\u2011based, eco\u2011friendly tourism and heritage circuits instead of only high\u2011end projects.<\/li>\n<li>Support artisans through cooperatives, design and digital platforms, and GI\u2011based branding.<\/li>\n<li>Protect wetlands and floodplains in land\u2011use plans and invest in green, water\u2011sensitive urban infrastructure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Passive euthanasia ;SC forms medical board for 31 year old man GS Paper I :\u00a0Indian Polity &amp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3325,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3308","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-daily-current-affairs"],"featured_image_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Passive_euthanasia_Supreme_Court_medical_board_healthcare_dignity_thumbnail.jpg",2304,1728,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Passive_euthanasia_Supreme_Court_medical_board_healthcare_dignity_thumbnail-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Passive_euthanasia_Supreme_Court_medical_board_healthcare_dignity_thumbnail-300x225.jpg",300,225,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Passive_euthanasia_Supreme_Court_medical_board_healthcare_dignity_thumbnail-768x576.jpg",640,480,true],"large":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Passive_euthanasia_Supreme_Court_medical_board_healthcare_dignity_thumbnail-1024x768.jpg",640,480,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Passive_euthanasia_Supreme_Court_medical_board_healthcare_dignity_thumbnail-1536x1152.jpg",1536,1152,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Passive_euthanasia_Supreme_Court_medical_board_healthcare_dignity_thumbnail-2048x1536.jpg",2048,1536,true],"morenews-large":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Passive_euthanasia_Supreme_Court_medical_board_healthcare_dignity_thumbnail-825x575.jpg",825,575,true],"morenews-medium":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Passive_euthanasia_Supreme_Court_medical_board_healthcare_dignity_thumbnail-590x410.jpg",590,410,true]},"author_info":{"display_name":"Nithin DTPoperator","author_link":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/author\/nithindtp\/"},"category_info":"<a href=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/category\/daily-current-affairs\/\" rel=\"category tag\">DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS<\/a>","tag_info":"DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS","comment_count":"0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3308","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3308"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3308\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3324,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3308\/revisions\/3324"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3325"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3308"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3308"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3308"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}