{"id":2987,"date":"2025-11-10T08:30:35","date_gmt":"2025-11-10T08:30:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/?p=2987"},"modified":"2025-11-10T12:02:55","modified_gmt":"2025-11-10T12:02:55","slug":"current-affairs-10th-november-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/2025\/11\/10\/current-affairs-10th-november-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"Current Affairs 10th November 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Aditya -L1 gets a close look at eruptions from the sun<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n

GS\u00a0Paper III- Science and technology <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Context: <\/strong>First spectroscopic CME observations near the Sun’s surface by Aditya-L1.\u200b\u200b<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Scientists from IIA and NASA estimated CME parameters: electron density, energy, mass, speed, and temperature.\u200b<\/li>\n
  • Mission\u2019s continuous solar monitoring will support reliable space-weather prediction.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong>Aditya-L1 Mission: Features & Details<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Feature<\/strong><\/td>\nDetails<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Objective<\/td>\nStudy Sun\u2019s corona, chromosphere, photosphere, solar wind, flares, CME<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Orbit<\/td>\nHalo orbit at Sun\u2013Earth Lagrange point L1 (1.5 million km from Earth)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Launch<\/td>\nPSLV-C57, Sriharikota, Sept 2023\u200b\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Payloads<\/td>\nSeven (including VELC, SUIT, SoLEXS, HEL1OS, ASPEX, PAPA, MAG)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Significance<\/td>\nFirst Indian solar mission; real-time space weather data; global relevance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong>What is VELC? <\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • VELC (Visible Emission Line Coronagraph) observes the Sun\u2019s corona and measures CME parameters close to their origin.\u200b<\/li>\n
    • Main parameters: electron density, energy, mass, temperature, speed.<\/li>\n
    • Features: Multi-line spectroscopy, high-field imaging (radius 1.05\u20133 solar radii), variable cadence, spectropolarimetry at 10747 \u00c5.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong>Coronal Mass Ejection (CME): <\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      • CME is a massive release of plasma (mainly electrons and protons) and magnetic field from the Sun\u2019s corona into space.\u200b<\/li>\n
      • Characteristics: Low-density cavity, dense core, bright leading edge.<\/li>\n
      • Capable of ejecting billions of tonnes of material at high speeds; causes geomagnetic storms, aurorae, can disrupt power and satellites.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong>Key VELC Findings <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Parameter<\/strong><\/td>\nVELC Measurement<\/strong><\/td>\nComparison<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Electron density<\/td>\n~370 million\/cm\u00b3 CME; 10\u2013100 million\/cm\u00b3 non-CME\u200b<\/td>\nCME density far greater than background<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        CME Mass<\/td>\nNearly 270 million tonnes\u200b<\/td>\nTitanic iceberg ~1.5 million tonnes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Energy<\/td>\n~9.4 \u00d7 10\u00b2\u00b9 joules<\/td>\nCME energy extremely high<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Speed<\/td>\n264 km\/s initial<\/td>\nComparable to fastest solar eruptions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Temperature<\/td>\n1.8 million Kelvin\u200b<\/td>\nCorona much hotter than Sun\u2019s surface<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong>Importance of These Observations<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        • Directly links CME parameters with their energetic impact on space weather.\u200b\u200b<\/li>\n
        • Improves space weather models, helps prepare for solar disruptions affecting satellites, power grids, communication.\u200b<\/li>\n
        • Unique data from Sun\u2019s visible surface enhances understanding of solar heating, CME origins, and potential forecasting.\u200b\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Challenges <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          Challenge\/Aspect<\/strong><\/td>\nExplanation<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Data volume<\/td>\nManaging continuous, high-resolution solar data<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Instrument calibration<\/td>\nHigh accuracy for sensitive spectroscopic readings<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Remote operation (L1)<\/td>\nCommunication lag, limited corrective access<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Predictive accuracy<\/td>\nLinking CME parameters to terrestrial impacts remains complex<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          \u00a0<\/strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Aditya-L1\u2019s VELC payload has enabled India\u2019s first spectroscopic view of CMEs close to the Sun, providing vital physical parameters and strengthening global solar research. These observations are vital for understanding solar impacts on technology and daily life, marking a major advance in India\u2019s space science capabilitiesities.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          2. How is AI going to be regulated in India?<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n

          GS paper III- science and technology<\/p>\n

          Context: <\/strong>The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) released the\u00a0India AI Governance Guidelines\u00a0on\u00a0November 5, 2025, under the\u00a0IndiaAI Mission.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • The framework aims to ensure\u00a0safe and inclusive AI adoption\u00a0ahead of the\u00a02026 AI Impact Summit.<\/li>\n
          • It promotes a\u00a0people-first and innovation-friendly\u00a0approach while addressing global concerns like\u00a0deepfakes and AI misuse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \u00a0<\/strong>The Story So Far<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \n
            • A\u00a0subcommittee under the Principal Scientific Adviser\u00a0was set up in\u00a0November 2023\u00a0to draft AI governance recommendations.<\/li>\n
            • A\u00a0public consultation\u00a0on the draft report was held until\u00a0February 27, 2025, gathering stakeholder inputs.<\/li>\n
            • The\u00a0final guidelines\u00a0were prepared by a MeitY committee in\u00a0July 2025\u00a0after extensive review.<\/li>\n
            • The framework aligns with global initiatives like the\u00a0Bletchley Park Summit (UK)\u00a0and supports\u00a0IndiaAI Mission\u00a0objectives for balanced growth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong>What Are the India AI Governance Guidelines?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                \n
              • A\u00a066-page policy document\u00a0outlining ethical, legal, and operational principles for responsible AI.<\/li>\n
              • Built around\u00a0Seven Sutras:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                  \n
                • Trust<\/li>\n
                • People First<\/li>\n
                • Innovation over Restraint<\/li>\n
                • Fairness & Equity<\/li>\n
                • Accountability<\/li>\n
                • Understandable by Design<\/li>\n
                • Safety, Resilience & Sustainability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                    \n
                  • Emphasizes\u00a0voluntary standards,\u00a0risk-based oversight, and\u00a0adaptive regulation\u00a0over rigid laws.<\/li>\n
                  • Provides practical guidance for\u00a0industry grievance redressal\u00a0and\u00a0periodic regulatory reviews.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \u00a0<\/strong>Why Have Guidelines Become Necessary?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • India’s\u00a0multilingual and diverse society\u00a0heightens risks of bias and misinterpretation in AI systems.<\/li>\n
                    • Rapid AI adoption threatens\u00a0data privacy, safety, and intellectual property integrity.<\/li>\n
                    • Experiences from the\u00a0EU AI Act\u00a0and other regimes show the need for\u00a0context-specific, innovation-friendly rules.<\/li>\n
                    • Rising\u00a0deepfake and misinformation incidents\u00a0call for proactive, balanced governance mechanisms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      Key Thrust of the Guidelines<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • Rooted in the\u00a0\u201cDo No Harm\u201d\u00a0principle for socially responsible AI use.<\/li>\n
                      • Advocates\u00a0decentralized, sector-led oversight\u00a0by regulators like\u00a0RBI and SEBI\u00a0instead of centralized control.<\/li>\n
                      • Promotes\u00a0innovation sandboxes\u00a0for testing AI solutions safely.<\/li>\n
                      • Introduces\u00a0content labeling\u00a0for AI-generated media under proposed\u00a0IT Act amendments.<\/li>\n
                      • Aims to position India as a\u00a0global AI governance leader\u00a0through an\u00a0adaptive and inclusive framework.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \u00a0<\/strong>Approach to AI Models for Indian Circumstances<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • Suggests\u00a0risk-tier classification\u00a0of AI systems, prioritizing oversight for\u00a0high-impact sectors\u00a0such as healthcare and finance.<\/li>\n
                        • Focuses on developing\u00a0localized datasets\u00a0suited to India\u2019s\u00a0linguistic and cultural diversity.<\/li>\n
                        • Recommends integrating AI with\u00a0Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)\u00a0like\u00a0Aadhaar\u00a0for equitable access.<\/li>\n
                        • Encourages\u00a0safety audits and low-cost AI tools\u00a0tailored for\u00a0underserved communities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \u00a0<\/strong>Concerns on AI Usage and Intellectual Property Rights<\/strong><\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • Warns of risks from\u00a0biased or unmonitored AI systems, advocating\u00a0transparency and disclosure norms.<\/li>\n
                          • Notes\u00a0intellectual property challenges\u00a0in AI training data and recommends\u00a0fair use policies\u00a0compatible with innovation.<\/li>\n
                          • Highlights\u00a0foreign AI models\u2019 cultural insensitivity, urging\u00a0indigenous AI and IP safeguards.<\/li>\n
                          • Calls for\u00a0accountability in AI supply chains\u00a0and mechanisms to track\u00a0copyright or data misuse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                             <\/p>\n

                            3. Does India need nutritional transformation?<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n

                            GS Paper III: <\/strong>Science and Technology: Includes biotechnology applications in food, nutrition, functional foods, and smart proteins.<\/p>\n

                            Context: <\/strong>Debate on nutritional security, functional foods, and smart proteins amid rising malnutrition and sustainability concerns.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • Push for alternative proteins and new food technologies due to environmental degradation, rising food demand, and chronic undernutrition across India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              \u00a0<\/strong>What are Functional Foods?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • Foods providing health benefits beyond basic nutrition.<\/li>\n
                              • Includes bioactive compounds (vitamins, probiotics, antioxidants).<\/li>\n
                              • Cover conventional and fortified types (e.g., vitamin rice, fortified cereals).<\/li>\n
                              • Prevent deficiencies, lower disease risk, improve growth.<\/li>\n
                              • Produced via fortification, nutrigenomics, 3D printing, probiotics.<\/li>\n
                              • Global trend: $275B market (2025); bio-fortified Indian crops lead.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                Aspect<\/strong><\/td>\nDetails<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                Definition<\/td>\nFoods with added health benefits (immune, anti-inflammatory, fortification)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                Examples<\/td>\nEnriched rice, omega-3 margarine, probiotic yogurt, fiber cereals<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                Health Benefits<\/td>\nFewer deficiencies, chronic disease prevention, growth support<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                Production Methods<\/td>\nBio-fortified crops, gene-nutrient science, 3D printing, added probiotics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                Trends<\/td>\nRapid growth, preventive health focus, India leads in iron\/zinc millet bio-fortification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                \u00a0<\/strong>What are Smart Proteins?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • Biotech-derived, sustainable proteins mimicking animal nutrition\/functions.<\/li>\n
                                • Plant, cultivated (lab-grown), and fermentation-based varieties.<\/li>\n
                                • Improve bioavailability, reduce environmental impact, fill protein gap.<\/li>\n
                                • Examples: pea\/soy isolates, precision-fermented casein, cultured meat.<\/li>\n
                                • India: 73 brands, 377 products (2025), focusing on urban markets.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                  Aspect<\/strong><\/td>\nDetails<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  Definition<\/td>\nEngineered proteins (plant\/cultivated\/fermented) with enhanced nutrition or bioactivity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  Examples<\/td>\nPlant meat, fungi\/microbial protein, lab-grown chicken, insect powders<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  Health Benefits<\/td>\nComplete amino acids, high digestibility, less saturated fat, diabetes\/anaemia targeted<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  Production Methods<\/td>\nFermentation, cell culture, plant extraction from by-products<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                  Market Trends<\/td>\n$29B market; Indian consumer\/brand ecosystem expanding 2025<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                  \u00a0<\/strong>Why Does India Need Nutritional Transformation?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  • High stunting (35%), anemia (57%), and child wasting.<\/li>\n
                                  • Dual nutrition problem: protein, micronutrient gaps plus obesity rise.<\/li>\n
                                  • Diets dominated by rice\/wheat; protein, fruit, veg intake low.<\/li>\n
                                  • Poor dietary diversity, inequity, and food system inefficiency persist.\u200b\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                    Current Situation\/Challenges<\/strong><\/td>\nDetails<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Malnutrition<\/td>\n35% child stunting, 57% anemia in women<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Overnutrition\/Obesity<\/td>\n21% of adults overweight, rapid diabetes surge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Food Diversity Gap<\/td>\nDrop in pulses\/millets, insufficient fruits\/veg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Structural Barriers<\/td>\nUrban-rural, gender, hygiene, new food access issues<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                    Environmental Pressures<\/td>\nClimate shocks, food loss (40%), income\/wage stagnation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                    \u00a0<\/strong>India’s Progress So Far<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • Stunting down by 4% (2015\u20132021); breastfeeding up to 64%.<\/li>\n
                                    • Initiatives: Poshan Abhiyaan, BioE3 policy, mandatory fortification.<\/li>\n
                                    • Smart protein ecosystem: 73 brands, plant-based innovation\/noodles\/R&D.\u200b\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                      Initiative\/Area<\/strong><\/td>\nDescription<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Poshan Abhiyaan<\/td>\nTech-driven flagship, targets stunting\/anemia\/wasting, uses Anganwadi, reaches 80M+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      BioE3 Policy<\/td>\nDBT grants for functional foods, smart protein, biomanufacturing by 2025<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Food Fortification<\/td>\nFSSAI mandates iron\/folic acid in staple grains, reaching PDS, schools<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Mid-Day Meals\/ICDS<\/td>\nWorld\u2019s largest, eggs\/millets for protein, focus on first 1,000 days<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                      Startup Ecosystem<\/td>\n73 brands, 377 protein products, new foods\/tech for millennials\/urban families<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                      \u00a0<\/strong>Global Scenario<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      • Japan leads in functional food regulation (FOSHU), started in 1980s.<\/li>\n
                                      • EU\u2019s Smart Protein Project, China prioritizes alternative protein, Singapore first approved lab-grown meat.<\/li>\n
                                      • US: $29B plant-based market, FDA regulates fortified\/probiotic foods.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                        Country\/Region<\/strong><\/td>\nInitiative<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        Japan<\/td>\nFOSHU – regulated health claims, 1,000+ products<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        EU<\/td>\nSmart Protein Project (plant\/fungi R&D, upcycling)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        USA<\/td>\nFDA-fortified\/probiotic approval, large plant protein market<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        China<\/td>\nInvests in biomanufacturing, fermentation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                        Singapore<\/td>\nFirst to approve cultivated chicken (Eat Just), incentives for smart proteins<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                        \u00a0<\/strong>Challenges for India<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        • Regulatory lag, FSSAI lacks clear guidance on lab-grown\/cultivated proteins.<\/li>\n
                                        • Cost, infrastructure, and supply chain capacity gaps for biomanufacturing.<\/li>\n
                                        • Low consumer awareness, \u2018lab-food\u2019 scepticism, acceptability issues.<\/li>\n
                                        • Price\/access: First adoption is urban, rural\/poor lag behind.<\/li>\n
                                        • Scaling without upcycling risks environmental strain.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                          Challenge<\/strong><\/td>\nDetails<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          Regulatory Gaps<\/td>\nDelays in guidelines\/approval, slows innovation scaling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          High Cost\/Infra Gaps<\/td>\nFermentation 2-3x cost, limited R&D\/commercial units<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          Consumer Trust<\/td>\nLow trial\/acceptance of new proteins, flavor\/texture hurdles<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          Supply\/Equity<\/td>\nImport dependent protein inputs, urban focus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                          Sustainability<\/td>\nWaste, environmental risk if not managed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                          \u00a0<\/strong>Way Forward<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                            \n
                                          • Fast-track FSSAI approval, labeling, safety protocols for smart\/functional foods.<\/li>\n
                                          • Shift PDS toward nutrient-dense staples, fortified millets, and smart proteins.<\/li>\n
                                          • Invest in infra\/R&D: Food-tech parks, fermentation scale-ups, crop bio-fortification.<\/li>\n
                                          • Run targeted BCC campaigns; engage PRIs, Anganwadis, focus on women\/youth.<\/li>\n
                                          • Diversify diet, climate-resilient crops, mainstream functional proteins in Poshan 2.0.<\/li>\n
                                          • Align food policy (ICRISAT, ICMR, trade) for 2030 SDG targets.<\/li>\n
                                          • Monitor outcomes via NFHS-6, set targets (e.g., 20% stunting reduction by 2030) for accountability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                             <\/p>\n

                                            4. Global watch over: CTBO<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                            GS PAPER II-IR<\/p>\n

                                            Context: <\/strong>China dismissed President Trump\u2019s recent allegations of conducting secret nuclear tests.<\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                            • It reaffirmed its continued commitment to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT).<\/li>\n
                                            • The development comes as the United States revives discussions about resuming nuclear testing, increasing Cold War\u2013style tensions in global security dynamics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                              \u00a0<\/strong>About the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              • Establishment:\u00a0Created in 1996 under the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT).<\/li>\n
                                              • Headquarters:\u00a0Vienna, Austria.<\/li>\n
                                              • Mandate:\u00a0To ensure compliance with the global ban on nuclear explosions through a robust verification system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                \u00a0<\/strong>Global Verification and Monitoring System<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                • Operates the\u00a0International Monitoring System (IMS)\u00a0consisting of 337 facilities worldwide.<\/li>\n
                                                • Uses\u00a0seismic, hydroacoustic, infrasound, and radionuclide technologies\u00a0to detect nuclear tests underground, underwater, or in the atmosphere.<\/li>\n
                                                • The\u00a0International Data Centre (IDC)\u00a0processes and distributes real-time monitoring data to member states.<\/li>\n
                                                • Provides\u00a0early warnings of nuclear test activities\u00a0and supports verification of treaty obligations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                  \u00a0<\/strong>Role of the Preparatory Commission<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                  • Functions as an interim body until the CTBT formally enters into force.<\/li>\n
                                                  • Maintains operational readiness of the verification regime.<\/li>\n
                                                  • Offers\u00a0technical support and capacity-building\u00a0to member states for compliance and monitoring.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                    \u00a0<\/strong>Scientific and Civil Applications<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    • The IMS data also aids\u00a0tsunami warnings, atmospheric studies, and disaster response operations.<\/li>\n
                                                    • Enhances international cooperation in\u00a0scientific and humanitarian fields\u00a0beyond nuclear disarmament.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                      \u00a0<\/strong>Relationship between CTBT and NPT<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                        \n
                                                      • Shared Objective:\u00a0Both aim to curb nuclear proliferation and promote global disarmament.<\/li>\n
                                                      • Distinct Scope:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                          \n
                                                        • NPT (1970): Prevents spread of nuclear weapons and promotes peaceful nuclear use.<\/li>\n
                                                        • CTBT (1996): Prohibits all nuclear explosions for any purpose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                            \n
                                                          • Linkage:\u00a0CTBT strengthens NPT\u2019s disarmament pillar under\u00a0Article VI, using a verifiable framework through IMS and IAEA safeguards.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                            \u00a0<\/strong>Status and Ratification Gaps<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                              \n
                                                            • Adopted:\u00a01996; opened for signature on September 24, 1996.<\/li>\n
                                                            • Membership:\u00a0187 signatories; 178 ratifications as of 2025.<\/li>\n
                                                            • Pending Ratifications:\u00a0Treaty requires 44 specific \u201cAnnex 2\u201d countries to ratify for enforcement.<\/li>\n
                                                            • Non-Ratifying States:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                                \n
                                                              • Signatories but unratified:<\/em>China, Egypt, Iran, Israel, United States<\/li>\n
                                                              • Non-signatories:<\/em>India, Pakistan, North Korea<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                • Recent Setback:\u00a0Russia withdrew its ratification in 2023 but continues observing a moratorium on testing.<\/li>\n
                                                                • Global Compliance:\u00a0Despite incomplete ratification, a global\u00a0testing moratorium\u00a0has prevailed since the 1990s, except for\u00a0North Korea\u2019s tests (since 2006).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                  \u00a0<\/strong>Significance<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                    \n
                                                                  • Serves as a\u00a0cornerstone of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament efforts.<\/li>\n
                                                                  • Enhances\u00a0transparency, trust, and verification capabilities\u00a0among nations.<\/li>\n
                                                                  • The CTBTO\u2019s monitoring network deters potential violators and sustains global stability even in the absence of full legal enforcement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                     <\/p>\n

                                                                    5. What\u2019s the plan to relocate forest tribes?<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                                                    GS PAPER III-ENVIRONEMNT AND ECOLOGY<\/p>\n

                                                                    Context: <\/strong>The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has drafted a new policy titled\u00a0\u201cReconciling Conservation and Community Rights\u201d.<\/p>\n

                                                                      \n
                                                                    • It aims to ensure that forest-dwelling communities are relocated from tiger reserves only with their\u00a0free consent and in accordance with the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006.<\/li>\n
                                                                    • The policy responds to rising complaints from tribal communities about\u00a0forced relocations\u00a0and poor post-relocation monitoring, despite FRA protections.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                      \u00a0<\/strong>Key Objectives and Significance<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                        \n
                                                                      • Institutional Reform:\u00a0Proposes a unified\u00a0National Framework for Community-Centric Conservation and Relocation\u00a0involving both the Tribal Affairs and Environment Ministries.<\/li>\n
                                                                      • Integrated Governance:\u00a0Suggests joint procedures, timelines, and accountability mechanisms between MoTA and MoEFCC.<\/li>\n
                                                                      • Central Data Management:\u00a0Recommends creation of a\u00a0National Database on Conservation-Community Interface (NDCCI)\u00a0to track relocations, compensation, and outcomes.<\/li>\n
                                                                      • Independent Oversight:\u00a0Calls for\u00a0annual audits\u00a0by third-party agencies to ensure voluntary relocation and FRA compliance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                        \u00a0<\/strong>Rationale Behind the Move<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                          \n
                                                                        • Implementation Gaps:\u00a0Persistent reports of disregard for FRA provisions during relocations from tiger reserves.<\/li>\n
                                                                        • Rights Violations:\u00a0Allegations of coercion against tribal families despite their legal right to inhabit traditional forests.<\/li>\n
                                                                        • Weak Monitoring:\u00a0Absence of reliable data on relocated families and their rehabilitation status.<\/li>\n
                                                                        • Scale of Impact:\u00a0Over\u00a01,566 villages\u00a0(around\u00a055,000 families) relocated since 2007; approximately\u00a094,000 families\u00a0still reside within reserves.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                          \u00a0<\/strong>Proposed Safeguards<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                            \n
                                                                          • Voluntary Relocation:\u00a0Requires consent from both\u00a0Gram Sabha and individual households.<\/li>\n
                                                                          • Right to Stay:\u00a0Reaffirms that communities cannot be displaced without exercising their\u00a0FRA-recognized rights.<\/li>\n
                                                                          • Scientific Justification:\u00a0Relocation permitted only when backed by\u00a0documented ecological necessity.<\/li>\n
                                                                          • Ethical Resettlement:\u00a0Ensures relocations are\u00a0voluntary, scientifically validated, and dignity-based, monitored by NDCCI and independent auditors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                            \u00a0<\/strong>Mechanism for Inter-Ministerial Coordination<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                              \n
                                                                            • Joint Mechanism:\u00a0Establishes cooperation between MoEFCC and MoTA for approval, implementation, and review.<\/li>\n
                                                                            • Shared Accountability:\u00a0Both ministries jointly responsible for rights protection and grievance redressal.<\/li>\n
                                                                            • State Role:\u00a0States to appoint\u00a0nodal officers\u00a0to verify FRA compliance before any relocation begins.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                              \u00a0<\/strong>Continuing Challenges<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                \n
                                                                              • Administrative Resistance:\u00a0Some state agencies bypass FRA obligations citing wildlife protection priorities.<\/li>\n
                                                                              • Flawed Consent Process:\u00a0Incomplete or manipulated consent at the Gram Sabha level.<\/li>\n
                                                                              • Livelihood Risks:\u00a0Compensation delays and inadequate support post-relocation.<\/li>\n
                                                                              • Social Displacement:\u00a0Ongoing distress among tribal groups such as\u00a0Jenu Kuruba\u00a0in Karnataka, alleging forced evictions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                \u00a0<\/strong>Policy Alignment with India\u2019s Conservation Vision<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                  \n
                                                                                • Balancing Goals:\u00a0Seeks harmony between\u00a0tiger preservation and tribal rights.<\/li>\n
                                                                                • Legal Coherence:\u00a0Aligns provisions of\u00a0FRA (2006)\u00a0with\u00a0Wildlife Protection Act (1972)\u00a0and\u00a0NTCA guidelines.<\/li>\n
                                                                                • Participatory Approach:\u00a0Promotes\u00a0ethical and inclusive conservation\u00a0by engaging local communities as partners rather than subjects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                  \u00a0<\/strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                  The new framework represents a shift toward\u00a0rights-based conservation, emphasizing participation, transparency, and accountability. Its effectiveness will depend on genuine community involvement, strict adherence to FRA safeguards, and rigorous inter-ministerial coordination.<\/p>\n

                                                                                  \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                  6. Centre notifies rules for deep-sea fishing<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                                                                  GS paper III: economics – Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                  \u00a0<\/strong>Context: <\/strong>The Government of India has notified new\u00a0Deep-Sea Fishing Rules\u00a0for operations within India\u2019s\u00a0Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).<\/p>\n

                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  • The move aims to promote\u00a0sustainable fishing, enhance\u00a0digital traceability, and strengthen\u00a0fisher welfare and exports.<\/li>\n
                                                                                  • The new regime focuses on reducing pressure on near-shore fisheries while boosting India\u2019s presence in deep-sea waters using modern, eco-friendly practices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                    \u00a0<\/strong>Key Objectives<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    • Facilitate transition from\u00a0near-shore fishing to deep-sea operations\u00a0within the EEZ.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    • Improve\u00a0marine sustainability, export competitiveness, and livelihood opportunities.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    • Integrate digital governance for transparent monitoring and traceability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                      \u00a0<\/strong>Main Features of the New Rules<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                        \n
                                                                                      • Domestic Priority:\u00a0Fishermen Cooperatives and Fish Farmer Producer Organisations (FFPOs) get first operational rights for advanced deep-sea vessels.<\/li>\n
                                                                                      • Mother-and-Child Vessel Model:\u00a0Large \u201cmother\u201d vessels supported by smaller \u201cchild\u201d crafts for mid-sea transshipment\u2014vital for the\u00a0Andaman & Nicobar\u00a0and\u00a0Lakshadweep Islands, which cover almost 49% of India\u2019s EEZ.<\/li>\n
                                                                                      • Digital Monitoring:\u00a0All mechanised vessels require\u00a0Access Passes\u00a0through the\u00a0ReALCraft Portal, integrated with\u00a0MPEDA\u00a0and\u00a0EIC\u00a0for sanitary certification, traceability, and eco-labelling.<\/li>\n
                                                                                      • Foreign Vessel Ban:\u00a0Complete prohibition on the operation of\u00a0foreign fishing vessels\u00a0in Indian waters to protect small-scale and domestic fishers.<\/li>\n
                                                                                      • Ban on Destructive Practices:\u00a0Activities like\u00a0LED-light fishing, pair trawling, and bull trawling\u00a0are banned. Each coastal state will develop\u00a0Fisheries Management Plans (FMPs)\u00a0defining legal catch sizes.<\/li>\n
                                                                                      • Origin Recognition:\u00a0Fish caught from India\u2019s EEZ beyond the contiguous zone will be declared as of\u00a0\u201cIndian origin\u201d\u00a0for customs purposes, avoiding import classification.<\/li>\n
                                                                                      • Capacity Building:\u00a0Skill development, processing, and export support integrated with\u00a0PM Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)\u00a0and the\u00a0Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF).<\/li>\n
                                                                                      • Safety and Surveillance:\u00a0All vessels must have\u00a0transponders,\u00a0QR-coded Fisher IDs, and\u00a0Nabhmitra\u00a0satellite devices for navigation and distress response; monitored by the\u00a0Indian Coast Guard\u00a0and\u00a0Navy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                        \u00a0<\/strong>Background: Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                          \n
                                                                                        • Definition:\u00a0As per the\u00a01982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), an EEZ extends up to\u00a0200 nautical miles (\u2248370 km)\u00a0from the coastline.<\/li>\n
                                                                                        • Sovereign Rights:\u00a0Coastal states can explore, extract, and manage\u00a0marine resources\u00a0while ensuring environmental protection and marine research.<\/li>\n
                                                                                        • Difference from Territorial Sea:\u00a0The\u00a0territorial sea\u00a0(12 nautical miles) gives full sovereignty, whereas the\u00a0EEZ\u00a0provides resource rights while permitting free navigation and overflight by other nations.<\/li>\n
                                                                                        • India\u2019s EEZ:\u00a0Covers about\u00a02.3 million sq km, among the world\u2019s largest, rich in fisheries, hydrocarbons, and seabed minerals.<\/li>\n
                                                                                        • Legal Basis:\u00a0Managed under\u00a0The Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, EEZ and Other Maritime Zones Act, 1976, defining India\u2019s jurisdiction and management structure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                          \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                          7. National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                                                                          Why in News<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                            \n
                                                                                          • PIB released a progress update for the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP).<\/li>\n
                                                                                          • Recent data highlights expanded digital initiatives, fund disbursal, and beneficiary coverage under NSAP.<\/li>\n
                                                                                          • Launch of Digital Life Certificate (DLC) mobile app in July 2025 for easier Aadhaar-based verification.<\/li>\n
                                                                                          • Budget allocation for 2025\u201326 announced, with focus on increasing transparency and timely assistance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                            \u00a0<\/strong>National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) \u2013 Key Details<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                              \n
                                                                                            • Launched in August 1995 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme overseen by the Ministry of Rural Development.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            • Aims to offer financial and food security to BPL (Below Poverty Line) individuals in line with Article 41 of the Constitution.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            • Supports elderly, widows, persons with disabilities, and families facing the loss of the main earner.<\/li>\n
                                                                                            • Reaches over 3.09 crore beneficiaries in both urban and rural areas across India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                              \u00a0<\/strong>Major Schemes under NSAP<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                \n
                                                                                              • IGNOAPS: Old age pension for those aged 60+; states may supplement central amounts.<\/li>\n
                                                                                              • IGNWPS: Pension to widows aged 40+; enhanced benefits for those above 80 years.<\/li>\n
                                                                                              • IGNDPS: Pension for adults with severe disabilities; higher entitlement for those aged 80+.<\/li>\n
                                                                                              • NFBS: One-time assistance to BPL families after breadwinner\u2019s death (age 18\u201359).<\/li>\n
                                                                                              • Annapurna: Free food grain supply (10 kg\/month) to eligible seniors not covered by IGNOAPS.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                \u00a0<\/strong>Implementation and Monitoring Highlights<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                • Beneficiaries identified by Gram Panchayats and Urban Local Bodies.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                • 94% funds disbursed via Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) into bank or post office accounts.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                • Special cases handled through cash-at-doorstep.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                • Real-time monitoring via Public Financial Management System (PFMS) and Aadhaar linkage to ensure accuracy and reduce leakage.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                • States\/UTs must submit progress reports; delays can result in funds being withheld.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                                  \u00a0<\/strong>Recent Achievements and Financial Progress<\/strong><\/p>\n