{"id":2414,"date":"2025-10-18T09:14:55","date_gmt":"2025-10-18T09:14:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/?p=2414"},"modified":"2025-10-21T09:00:03","modified_gmt":"2025-10-21T09:00:03","slug":"current-affairs-18th-october-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/2025\/10\/18\/current-affairs-18th-october-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"Current Affairs 18th October 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong><u>1. INDIA-BRAZIL<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>General Studies Paper II :International Relations (India-Brazil cooperation; bilateral agreements)<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Context<\/strong>: Embraer Defense &amp; Security (Brazil) and Mahindra Group (India) signed a Strategic Cooperation Agreement (SCA) to advance the C-390 Millennium military transport aircraft for the Indian Air Force&#8217;s (IAF).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Background \u2013 The C-390 Millennium Aircraft<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C-390 Millennium is a modern, versatile military transport developed by Embraer.<\/li>\n<li>Entered Brazilian Air Force service in 2019; chosen by multiple countries globally.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Designed to replace older transports like C-130 for varied roles.<\/li>\n<li>Embraer sees India\u2019s modernization needs as a key opportunity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>What is the C-390 Millennium?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Twin-engine, medium-lift jet transport with advanced avionics and fly-by-wire.<\/li>\n<li>Handles troop\/cargo transport, medevac, airdrop, refueling, and rescue missions.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Powered by twin IAE V2500-E5 engines; excels in harsh, \u201chot and high\u201d conditions.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Payload up to 26 tons; one of the fastest in its class.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Key Features Table<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"725\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\"><strong>Feature<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Payload Capacity<\/td>\n<td>26,000 kg cargo; can carry 80 troops or 64 paratroopers\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Range<\/td>\n<td>6,130 km ferry; 2,820 km with 23t payload\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Speed<\/td>\n<td>Max 870 km\/h; cruise 850 km\/h\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Dimensions<\/td>\n<td>35.2m (L) \u00d7 35.05m (W) \u00d7 11.84m (H)\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Engines<\/td>\n<td>Two IAE V2500-E5 turbofans, 139.4 kN thrust\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Avionics<\/td>\n<td>Collins Pro Line Fusion suite, HUD, advanced vision\/fly-by-wire\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Multi-mission<\/td>\n<td>Cargo, refueling, medevac, firefighting, SAR, airdrop\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Operating Environment<\/td>\n<td>Unpaved\/short runways, harsh climates, 1,400m takeoff run@23t\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"196\">Weights<\/td>\n<td>Max TOW: 81,000\u201387,000 kg, empty: 23,600 kg\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Why It\u2019s Attractive to India<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Modern solution to replace outdated An-32 and Avro fleets.<\/li>\n<li>Enables \u2018Atmanirbhar Bharat\u2019 via local manufacturing and tech transfer.<\/li>\n<li>More cost-effective than rivals; efficient speed and payload.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Adaptable for AWACS and special roles in India\u2019s environment.<\/li>\n<li>Supports ambitions to export aerospace products regionally.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>About the Partnership \u2013 Embraer &amp; Mahindra Table<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"719\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"135\"><strong>Aspect<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Details<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"135\">Agreement Type<\/td>\n<td>Strategic Cooperation Agreement, post-Feb 2024 MoU\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"135\">Objectives<\/td>\n<td>Promote C-390 for IAF; establish India hub for production, MRO, supply chain<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"135\">Scope<\/td>\n<td>Joint marketing, local industrialization, supply ecosystem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"135\">Key Players<\/td>\n<td>Embraer Defense (Brazil), Mahindra Defence (India)\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"135\">Long-term Vision<\/td>\n<td>Make India a C-390 center for domestic\/export markets<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"135\">Policy Alignment<\/td>\n<td>Fulfills Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, with technology transfer\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Strategic &amp; Economic Significance for India<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Boosts IAF airlift and disaster response capabilities.<\/li>\n<li>Reduces import dependence, builds high-skill aerospace jobs.<\/li>\n<li>Opens export prospects for Indian aerospace industry.<\/li>\n<li>Encourages tech transfer, local innovation, and sector growth.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Helps grow India-Brazil trade, targeting $20B bilateral trade by 2030.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Diplomatic Significance (BRAZIL -INDIA)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0Bilateral Cooperation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Upgrades 2006 strategic partnership with deep defense-aviation ties.<\/li>\n<li>Highlights prior Indian offers (Akash missile) and Brazilian openness.<\/li>\n<li>Recent talks show intent for defense co-development and barter.<\/li>\n<li>Broader ties: civil aviation, AI, fintech, consular\/e-visa, multilateral forums.<\/li>\n<li>Trade on track to hit $15\u2013$20B by 2025\u20132030; expanded BRICS\/G20 linkages.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Challenges<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Faces tough MTA competition: C-130J, A400M, IL-276.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Defense procurement delays due to process and budget factors.<\/li>\n<li>Tech transfer\/localization demands may complicate negotiations.<\/li>\n<li>Offsets\/barter (Brazil\u2013India trades) can add complexity.<\/li>\n<li>Local supply chain needs quality workforce and infrastructure.<\/li>\n<li>Sensitive to geopolitics: US export controls on critical components.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>2. Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>GS Paper II\u00a0under\u00a0<em>International Relations \u2013 Regional and Global Groupings<\/em>,<\/p>\n<p><strong>Context: <\/strong>The\u00a019th Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Mid-Term Ministerial Meeting\u00a0was held in\u00a0Kampala, Uganda, to review the progress of decisions taken at the 2024 NAM Summit and to strengthen South-South cooperation amid growing geopolitical challenges.\u200b<\/p>\n<p><strong>About the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Overview<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>NAM is a coalition of nations that remain\u00a0independent of major power blocs, established to uphold\u00a0sovereignty, neutrality, and peace\u00a0during the Cold War.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Formation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Founded in\u00a01961 at Belgrade, Yugoslavia, arising from the\u00a01955 Bandung Conference (Indonesia)\u00a0where the\u00a0Ten Principles of Bandung\u00a0were formulated as its foundation.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Founding Leaders<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Jawaharlal Nehru (India)<\/li>\n<li>Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt)<\/li>\n<li>Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia)<\/li>\n<li>Ahmed Sukarno (Indonesia)<\/li>\n<li>Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Membership and Composition<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>120 member countries: 53 African, 39 Asian, 26 Latin American &amp; Caribbean, and 2 European states.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Includes\u00a0Palestine\u00a0as a member, plus 17 observer states and 10 partner organizations.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Represents\u00a0about 60% of UN members, making it the\u00a0second-largest global bloc after the UN.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Structure and Functioning<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Operates\u00a0without a permanent secretariat or charter, depending on\u00a0rotational leadership\u00a0and\u00a0consensus-based decision-making.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Key Outcomes of the Kampala Meeting<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Theme:\u00a0\u201cDeepening Cooperation for Shared Global Affluence.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Focused discussions on\u00a0global governance reform, climate change, trade, peacebuilding, and technology transfer.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Uganda, as Chair, called for\u00a0unity, solidarity, and collective voice of the Global South\u00a0in international forums.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Delegates reaffirmed support for\u00a0Palestine\u00a0and opposition to\u00a0unilateral coercive measures\u00a0that harm developing nations.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Final declaration emphasized\u00a0state sovereignty, peaceful conflict resolution, and equitable global development.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>India\u2019s Role and Contemporary Approach to NAM<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Advocates\u00a0reinvigorating NAM\u00a0as a platform for\u00a0South-South Cooperation\u00a0on trade, technology, and sustainable growth.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Promotes\u00a0strategic non-alignment\u00a0\u2014 not as anti-West, but as a\u00a0balanced, multipolar engagement strategy.<\/li>\n<li>Focus areas include\u00a0digital equity, global governance reform, and climate resilience\u00a0in developing nations.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Reiterates India\u2019s stance for\u00a0a two-state solution for Palestine\u00a0and global peace through\u00a0dialogue, not polarization.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>3. Tejas Mk1A and HTT-40 trainer aircraft.<\/u><\/strong><strong><u>\u200b<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>GSpaper III-SCEICNE AND TECHNOLOGY<\/p>\n<p><strong>Context: <\/strong>HAL\u2019s Nashik unit inaugurated with new production lines for Tejas Mk1A and HTT-40 trainer aircraft.\u200b<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Minister Rajnath Singh flagged off the first Tejas Mk1A produced at Nashik, highlighting self-reliance in defence.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>HAL can now roll out 24 Tejas jets annually, boosting indigenous fighter output for IAF.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>About HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>India\u2019s leading aerospace and defence manufacturer, founded in 1940, under Ministry of Defence.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Specializes in design, development, production, overhaul, and support of aircraft and aerospace systems.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Key partner in indigenous platform development: Tejas, HTT-40, LCH, Su-30MKI, and more.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key Contributions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Indigenous fighter jets (Tejas, Su-30MKI)<\/li>\n<li>Trainer aircraft (HTT-40)<\/li>\n<li>Mission computers, avionics, display systems, R&amp;D for defence and space.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Support for IAF during operations and upgrades.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>About LCA Tejas Mk1A \u2013 What is Tejas?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tejas is India\u2019s first indigenous supersonic multi-role fighter designed by HAL.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Features digital fly-by-wire, advanced avionics, and lightweight composite structure.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Roles: air defence, strike missions, maritime reconnaissance; highly maneuverable and reliable.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Features of Mk1A Variant<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>AESA radar (EL\/M-2052\/Uttam), Unified Electronic Warfare Suite, self-protection jammers.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>9 hardpoints for diverse weaponry including Astra\/Derby missiles.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Digital fly-by-wire, improved maintainability, high thrust F404-IN20 engine for Mach 1.6 speed.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Enhanced operational efficiency and turnaround; improved survivability.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Role<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mainstay of IAF for multirole combat missions, filling critical squadron gaps.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Upgrades boost IAF\u2019s air dominance and deterrence potential.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>About HTT-40 (Hindustan Turbo Trainer-40)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fully indigenous basic trainer by HAL for IAF pilot training.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Tandem-seat, aerobatic, advanced avionics, ejection seats, hot-refueling, pilot-friendly features.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Used for basic flying, aerobatics, instrument and night navigation training.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Over 60% in-house parts; model for Atmanirbhar Bharat.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Significance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Strengthens IAF\u2019s pilot training infrastructure.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Showcases technological self-reliance, supports Make in India goals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Rajnath Singh\u2019s Key Highlights<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Proof of Collaboration: <\/strong>Synergy among government, industry, and academia no challenge is too big.\u200b<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rise of Defence Self-Reliance :<\/strong>65% now indigenously manufactured, target: 100%; strategic vulnerability from imports acknowledged.\u200b<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reform and Innovation: <\/strong>Focus on adopting new technology, innovation, encouraging private sector participation for quicker transformation.\u200b<\/li>\n<li><strong>Strategic Autonomy: <\/strong>HAL\u2019s readiness and support proved in Operation Sindoor; indigenization enhances security autonomy.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Operation Sindoor \u2013 HAL\u2019s Role<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>HAL supported IAF 24\/7 with fighter\/helicopter readiness, BrahMos missiles on Su-30MKIs used to destroy terrorist hideouts.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Nashik Unit \u2013 Production Details<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"733\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"159\"><strong>Category<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Details<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"159\">Facility<\/td>\n<td>HAL Nashik (inaugurated 1964; expanded 2025)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"159\">Aircraft Produced<\/td>\n<td>Tejas Mk1A, HTT-40, Su-30MKI (supports full lifecycle)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"159\">Tejas Mk1A Line<\/td>\n<td>Third production line; 8 aircraft\/year; total HAL output now 24 Tejas\/year\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"159\">HTT-40 Line<\/td>\n<td>Second production line for assembly\/components\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"159\">Job Creation<\/td>\n<td>~1,000 jobs; 40+ partner industries in Nashik region\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"159\">Upcoming Expansion<\/td>\n<td>Plan: 10 Tejas\/year at Nashik by new Assembly\/Pre-Install Jigs\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"159\">Orders<\/td>\n<td>83 Tejas Mk1A (2021), 97 additional (2025), ramp-up after engine delays resolved\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Significance of Expansion<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>a) Strategic: <\/strong>Boosts IAF combat strength, faster squadron filling, and operational readiness.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces import dependence, secures supply chain, enhances crisis-time capability.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>b) Economic: <\/strong>Job creation, SME development, regional industrial growth, multiplier for component\/partner sectors.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Strengthens India\u2019s global defence industrial competitiveness.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>c) Political &amp; Diplomatic: <\/strong>Demonstrates India&#8217;s defence ability, supports Atmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India missions.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Bolsters confidence of armed forces and strategic allies in Indian platforms.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Challenges and Way Forward <\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"740\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Challenge<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Required Actions<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Engine\/Component Supply Delays<\/td>\n<td>Secure diversified suppliers, develop indigenous engine capacity\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Squadron Shortfall<\/td>\n<td>Accelerate production, ramp up Nashik\/Bengaluru output<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"252\">Technology Upgradation<\/td>\n<td>Continuous R&amp;D, integration of advanced avionics\/weapons\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Infrastructure &amp; Quality Control<\/td>\n<td>Build efficient workflows, invest in QC, skilled workforce<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Global Competitiveness<\/td>\n<td>Export focus, emphasize value addition and reliability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Strategic Partnership Balance<\/td>\n<td>Deepen academia-private sector links for tech transfer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><strong><u>4. Rotavirus vaccine<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>General Studies Paper II:<\/strong> Government Policies and Interventions (Universal Immunization Programme, vaccine coverage)<\/p>\n<p><strong>General Studies Paper III: <\/strong>Science &amp; Technology: Biotechnology, Indian innovations, Use of S&amp;T in improving health<\/p>\n<p><strong>Context: <\/strong>A multi-centre study published in\u00a0<em>The Nature Medicine<\/em>\u00a0confirmed the effectiveness of India\u2019s indigenous rotavirus vaccine Rotavac against childhood gastroenteritis, highlighting marked reductions in rotavirus hospitalizations across the country.\u200b<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>About the Study<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"733\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"107\"><strong>Aspect<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Details<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"107\">Type<\/td>\n<td>Observational, multi-centre analysis at 31 hospitals in 9 states (2016\u20132020)\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"107\">Intervention<\/td>\n<td>Rotavac oral vaccine included under Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"107\">Method<\/td>\n<td>Trends and proportions assessed before\/after vaccine introduction\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"107\">Sample<\/td>\n<td>Children &lt;5 years of age, vaccine given at 6, 10, 14 weeks\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"107\">Collaboration<\/td>\n<td>Collaborators include Indian Dept of Biotechnology, Bharat Biotech, Stanford, PATH\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Key Findings of the Study<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Effectiveness: Real-world effectiveness of Rotavac in UIP was 54%, matching phase 3 results.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Sustained Protection: Effectiveness persisted for first two years, when rotavirus risk is highest.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Reduced Hospitalisation: Proportion of pediatric hospitalizations from rotavirus dropped from 40% to 20% post-vaccine.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Geographic Coverage: Study covered 31 hospitals in 9 states, demonstrating broad, systemic nationwide impact.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>About Rotavac \u2013 Indigenous Vaccine<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"733\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"155\"><strong>Feature<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"155\">Type<\/td>\n<td>Live attenuated, oral monovalent vaccine\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"155\">Developed By<\/td>\n<td>Bharat Biotech, India (with DBT, PATH, NIH, CDC, Stanford, Gates Foundation)\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"155\">Strain<\/td>\n<td>116E strain isolated at AIIMS, New Delhi\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"155\">Dosage<\/td>\n<td>3 doses: 6, 10, 14 weeks old babies; oral administration\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"155\">Programmatic Use<\/td>\n<td>Part of UIP, free for eligible children\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"155\">Efficacy<\/td>\n<td>~56% first year, ~49% second year, sustained protection\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"155\">WHO Status<\/td>\n<td>WHO-prequalified in 2018\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"155\">Temperature Stability<\/td>\n<td>Shelf life: 5 years at -20\u00b0C; 6 months at 5\u00b0C\u200b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Institutional Collaboration Behind Rotavac<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Department of Biotechnology (India)<\/li>\n<li>Bharat Biotech<\/li>\n<li>Society for Applied Studies<\/li>\n<li>U.S. NIH, CDC<\/li>\n<li>Stanford University School of Medicine<\/li>\n<li>PATH<\/li>\n<li>Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation<\/li>\n<li>Research Council of Norway<\/li>\n<li>UK Department for International Development\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why This Is Important for India<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0Health Impact: <\/strong>Significant reduction in rotavirus deaths and hospitalizations among children under five.\u200b<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Improves child survival rates and overall public health.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Scientific Achievements: <\/strong>Represents successful indigenous vaccine development, clinical trial execution, and global collaboration.\u200b<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Showcases India&#8217;s ability to innovate for large-scale immunization.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Economic &amp; Strategic Benefits<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces import dependence for vaccines, saving foreign exchange.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Strengthens India\u2019s position as a global vaccine supplier.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Demonstrates public-private R&amp;D strength and boosts global reputation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>What is Rotavirus Gastroenteritis?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a severe diarrheal disease caused by rotavirus, predominantly affecting children under five.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Leads to dehydration, hospitalization, and is a major cause of child mortality worldwide.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Virus infects the small intestine, causing malabsorption and secretory diarrhea; vomiting is common.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Annually, over 128,500 deaths of children under five are attributed to rotavirus in India.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>India\u2019s indigenous rotavirus vaccine Rotavac, tested in real-world settings and implemented nationwide, has substantially reduced severe gastroenteritis and hospitalizations among children under five. This achievement highlights not only health but also scientific and strategic progress, supported by strong institutional collaboration and innovation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong>5. <\/strong><strong><u>Chhattisgarh High Court upholds cancellation of forest rights of villagers in Hasdeo Arand forest where Adani runs coal mines<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>General Studies Paper II: Governance, Constitution, and Polity (Forest Rights Act, decentralization, Gram Sabha powers)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Context: <\/strong>The Chhattisgarh High Court dismissed a plea challenging the cancellation of Community Forest Rights (CFRs) for Ghatbarra village in the Hasdeo Arand forest, linked to Adani coal mining.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2415 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-18-144134-300x175.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-18-144134-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-18-144134.png 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Case Background<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dispute Origin:\u00a0District committee revoked CFRs in 2016, citing prior forest diversion for mining with MoEF clearance in 2012.<\/li>\n<li>Petitioners\u2019 Argument:\u00a0The villagers, via Hasdeo Arand Bachao Sangharsh Samiti, contended that the Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006 does not provide for revocation and no fair hearing occurred.<\/li>\n<li>Court\u2019s Stand:\u00a0The court called the 2013 CFR grant a \u201cmistake,\u201d making it void from the start and legally cancellable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Judicial Findings<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Revocation Legality:\u00a0FRA has no direct revocation clause, but erroneous grants can be corrected.<\/li>\n<li>Prior Approval Principle:\u00a02012 MoEFCC mine clearance took precedence over later CFR grants.<\/li>\n<li>Mineral Ownership:\u00a0FRA does not affect State ownership of subsoil minerals.<\/li>\n<li>Locus Standi:\u00a0Petitioners lost standing after withdrawal of the village Forest Rights Committee.<\/li>\n<li>Fact Suppression:\u00a0Petitioners didn\u2019t disclose previous (dismissed) land acquisition challenge.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Significance of the Ruling<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This is the first ruling clarifying if FRA forest rights can be revoked when the Act doesn\u2019t list such a provision.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 \u2013 Overview<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Purpose:\u00a0Aims to reverse historical injustices against forest dwellers excluded from their ancestral rights.<\/li>\n<li>Main Goal:\u00a0Promotes tenurial security, livelihoods, and ecological responsibility for forest-dependent people.<\/li>\n<li>Beneficiaries:\u00a0Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFDs).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Scope and Coverage<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rights Recognised:\u00a0Both individual and community entitlements to land, habitation, and minor forest produce.<\/li>\n<li>Community Rights:\u00a0Gram Sabhas can protect, regenerate, and manage community forests.<\/li>\n<li>Habitat Rights:\u00a0Special safeguards for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).<\/li>\n<li>Decision Structure:\u00a0Multi-tier review\u2014Gram Sabha, Sub-Division Committee, District Committee.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Special Provisions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Development Diversion:\u00a0Allows limited forest land diversion for public needs, with Gram Sabha consent.<\/li>\n<li>Eviction Ban:\u00a0No eviction until rights claims are fully processed.<\/li>\n<li>Local Governance:\u00a0Gram Sabha is the key authority for rights recognition and management.<\/li>\n<li>Legal Linkage:\u00a0Strengthens participatory governance via PESA integration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>6. Ensure safeguards for India\u2019s carbon market<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>General Studies (GS) Paper III: Environment and Ecology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>CONTEXT<\/strong>: India\u2019s rapidly expanding carbon market requires strong safeguards to protect local communities, ensure equitable benefit-sharing, and avoid risks seen in other countries.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>What is Carbon Credit?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Definition: A carbon credit is a tradable certificate for one metric ton of CO2 equivalent emission reduced or removed via verifiable projects.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Purpose: Allows polluters to buy credits from entities cutting emissions, encouraging low-carbon growth.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Examples: Solar farms or wind turbines, afforestation\/reforestation, methane capture in agriculture, and industrial energy upgrades.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>India\u2019s Carbon Market \u2013 Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Launched by:Ministry of Power, after Energy Conservation Act amendment (2022); operational guidelines from 2023.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Objective:Reduce emissions in energy-intensive sectors, progress Paris commitments, and reach Net Zero by 2070.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Mechanisms:<br \/>\nCompliance: Mandated sectoral targets; trading for surplus\/deficit credits.\u200b<br \/>\nOffset: Voluntary projects (e.g. forestry) generate credits for trading.\u200b<br \/>\nPhased rollout: Voluntary trading begins 2025, full compliance by 2026, overseen by NSCICM.\u200b<br \/>\nTargets: Initial 2\u20133% cuts, tightening each cycle; integrates PAT scheme.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Agricultural Projects in India<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Verra lists 64 Indian projects; only 4 registered, none issued credits so far.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Boomitra: Soil carbon sequestration in Punjab\/Haryana, sustainable practices.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>IMPCA: Afforestation, 12 million saplings in Madhya Pradesh; Verra-compliant.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Louis Dreyfus: Regenerative wheat, promoting soil carbon storage.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Base Carbon: 6.5 million trees for ARR project, Verra validation sought.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Risk When Carbon Markets Become Modern Plantation <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Carbon projects can turn into &#8220;modern plantations&#8221; where companies focus on profits over community rights, repeating colonial-style land takeovers.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Problems<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Land Displacement<\/strong>: Projects limit access to shared lands, harming the livelihoods of small farmers, herders, and indigenous people.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lack of Consent<\/strong>: Communities are often excluded from decisions, leading to unfair deals without their agreement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Unequal Benefits<\/strong>: Companies earn most profits, leaving locals with little or delayed rewards, worsening poverty.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Environmental and Social Harm<\/strong>: Strict rules (like banning grazing) damage ecosystems and food supplies without lasting carbon benefits.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fake Credits<\/strong>: Some credits may not reflect real emission cuts, weakening climate efforts and market trust.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Case Study: Kenyan Carbon Market Controversies<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>a) Northern Kenya Rangelands Carbon Project<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>World\u2019s largest soil-carbon offset, but faced suspension and court ruling due to violations of community land rights, flawed consent processes, and calculation irregularities.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Communities reported exclusion, loss of access, and unfair management.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>b) Lake Turkana Wind Power Project<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Criticized for weak community participation, benefit-sharing conflicts, and bypassing local voices in project enforcement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Lessons for India:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Prioritize community-led governance, resisting top-down approaches.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Ensure FPIC and fair benefits for marginalized groups and tribals.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Create transparent registries, enable local oversight, secure land rights.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Integrate climate action with social justice, avoiding Kenya-like mistakes.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Structural Problems &amp; Needed Safeguards<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Risks from top-down rules, weak engagement, and volatile markets.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Monitoring gaps threaten market credibility; marginalized farmers vulnerable.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Low revenues and legal risks can harm smallholders.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Safeguards:<br \/>\nMandate FPIC; require clear, equitable benefit frameworks.\u200b<br \/>\nTransparent registries and local dispute mechanisms needed.\u200b<br \/>\nPrioritize decentralized, community-driven models for sustainability.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Way Forward \u2013 Making Carbon Markets Just and Equitable<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Build robust rules for transparency, benefit-sharing, and rights protection.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Proactive regulation, audits, and local consultations should address risks early.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Trust, education, inclusion, and safeguards must ensure smallholders benefit.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Blend climate ambition with social equity for resilient, effective Indian carbon markets.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>7. Project Trinetra<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>GS Paper II:\u00a0Governance, transparency, and accountability; e-governance applications.<\/p>\n<p>GS Paper III:\u00a0Internal security, role of technology in crime prevention, data-driven law enforcement.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Context: Project<\/strong> Trinetra, launched by the\u00a0Akola Police in Maharashtra, has gained national recognition for its pioneering use of\u00a0Artificial Intelligence (AI)\u00a0and\u00a0data analytics\u00a0in predictive policing to anticipate and prevent repeat crimes.\u200b<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2416 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-18-144241-300x170.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"170\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-18-144241-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-18-144241.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>What is Project Trinetra?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Full Form:\u00a0Targeted Risk-based Insights for Next-crime Estimation &amp; Tactical Resource Allocation.<\/li>\n<li>India\u2019s\u00a0first AI-based predictive policing model, initiated under the leadership of\u00a0SP Archit Chandak\u00a0with AI support from technopreneur\u00a0Kishan Panpalia.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Designed to\u00a0predict and prevent repeat offences\u00a0through\u00a0data-driven decision-making\u00a0rather than reactive policing.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Aims of Project Trinetra?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Anticipate and prevent crime by assessing repeat-offender risk probabilities.<\/li>\n<li>Shift policing from\u00a0reactive to preventive.<\/li>\n<li>Improve\u00a0resource allocation and real-time monitoring\u00a0using digital analytics.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Foster\u00a0ethical, transparent, and citizen-centric law enforcement\u00a0practices.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key Features<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Repeat Offender Risk Scoring (RORS):<br \/>\nAI algorithm assigns risk probability scores based on the offender\u2019s past record, type of crime, and location trends.<\/li>\n<li>Granular Dashboard:<br \/>\nInteractive dashboard offers station-wise, zone-wise, and time-based analysis for focused patrolling.<\/li>\n<li>Crime Profiling and Hotspot Mapping:<br \/>\nIdentifies patterns, high-risk zones, and frequent offenders through integrated datasets.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Performance Tracking:<br \/>\nMonitors police-station performance and patrol response efficiency in real time.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ethical and Governance Safeguards<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Focuses only on previous offenders \u2014\u00a0no caste, religion, or location-based profiling.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Ensures\u00a0algorithmic transparency, internal audits, and citizen feedback via\u00a0Project Raksha.<\/li>\n<li>Uses a\u00a0human-in-the-loop\u00a0model where predictions guide decisions but do not replace human judgment.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Broader Context<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Links with Maharashtra\u2019s\u00a0MARVEL\u00a0initiative \u2014 a state-level program integrating AI into policing for crime prediction and management.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Reflects India\u2019s gradual move toward\u00a0technology-enabled, evidence-based policing\u00a0while balancing ethics, privacy, and accountability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>8. Military Combat Parachute System (MCPS)<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>CONTEXT: <\/strong>The\u00a0Military Combat Parachute System (MCPS), indigenously developed by\u00a0DRDO, was successfully tested during a combat free-fall from\u00a032,000 feet, marking India\u2019s first homegrown system capable of high-altitude deployment beyond\u00a025,000 feet.\u200b<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>About the Military Combat Parachute System (MCPS)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>What It Is<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>An advanced\u00a0high-altitude parachute system\u00a0designed for\u00a0combat free-fall operations\u00a0by paratroopers and special forces under extreme conditions.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Ensures safe, controlled, and accurate landings during tactical missions and rapid insertions into conflict zones.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Developed By<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Jointly developed by\u00a0Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment (ADRDE), Agra, and\u00a0Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL), Bengaluru.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Objective<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To achieve\u00a0complete self-reliance\u00a0in aerial delivery systems and reduce dependence on foreign suppliers for combat parachutes.<\/li>\n<li>To enhance India\u2019s\u00a0strategic autonomy\u00a0in defence operations and special missions.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Key Features<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>High-Altitude Endurance:<br \/>\nOperates effectively at altitudes above\u00a025,000 feet, tested successfully at\u00a032,000 feet\u00a0\u2014 the highest for any Indian system.<\/li>\n<li>Enhanced Safety Mechanisms:<br \/>\nIncorporates a\u00a0low rate of descent\u00a0and\u00a0superior steering control, facilitating safer and more precise landings.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Navigation Integration:<br \/>\nEquipped with\u00a0NaVIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation), offering secure, interference-free navigation independent of foreign satellite systems.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Operational Flexibility:<br \/>\nAllows\u00a0predefined altitude deployment\u00a0and precision landing in designated zones under complex combat conditions.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Maintenance Advantage:<br \/>\nFaster\u00a0turnaround for repairs\u00a0and longer lifespan compared to imported parachutes, improving wartime availability.\u200b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Significance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Strengthens India\u2019s\u00a0Atmanirbhar Bharat\u00a0vision by establishing indigenous capability in aerial deployment tools.\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Enhances operational efficiency, autonomy, and strategic preparedness of the Indian Armed Forces.<\/li>\n<li>Reduces reliance on foreign equipment, ensuring readiness even during international crises or conflicts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. INDIA-BRAZIL General Studies Paper II :International Relations (India-Brazil cooperation; bilateral agreements) \u00a0Context: Embraer Defense &amp; Security (Brazil)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2449,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2414","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-daily-current-affairs"],"featured_image_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-11.jpg",2048,2048,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-11-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-11-300x300.jpg",300,300,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-11-768x768.jpg",640,640,true],"large":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-11-1024x1024.jpg",640,640,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-11-1536x1536.jpg",1536,1536,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-11.jpg",2048,2048,false],"morenews-large":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-11-825x575.jpg",825,575,true],"morenews-medium":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-11-590x410.jpg",590,410,true]},"author_info":{"display_name":"Nithin DTPoperator","author_link":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/author\/nithindtp\/"},"category_info":"<a href=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/category\/daily-current-affairs\/\" rel=\"category tag\">DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS<\/a>","tag_info":"DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS","comment_count":"0","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2414","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2414"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2414\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2446,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2414\/revisions\/2446"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2449"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2414"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2414"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2414"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}