{"id":1907,"date":"2025-10-09T12:45:48","date_gmt":"2025-10-09T12:45:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/?p=1907"},"modified":"2025-10-21T10:38:19","modified_gmt":"2025-10-21T10:38:19","slug":"current-affairs-09th-october-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/2025\/10\/09\/current-affairs-09th-october-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"Current Affairs 09th October 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><u>1.Trade pact a launched for growth :U.K.PM<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>General Studies Paper II (GS-II) : <\/strong>International Relations &#8211; Bilateral Relations, Trade, and Diplomacy<\/p>\n<p><strong>Context: UK<\/strong> PM Keir Starmer is visiting India in October 2025 to advance the recently signed India-UK Free Trade Agreement, now positioned as a pillar of the wider Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Amid global economic shifts and post-Brexit priorities, Starmer\u2019s visit marks a significant diplomatic push to strengthen bilateral trade, investment, technology, and security ties.<\/li>\n<li>The agreement is being promoted as a \u201claunchpad for growth,\u201d with India aiming to become the world\u2019s third-largest economy by 2028.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key Highlights of the Visit<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Diplomatic Engagements<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>PM Starmer meets PM Narendra Modi to review the FTA progress and the comprehensive strategic roadmap.<\/li>\n<li>They jointly address the Global Fintech Festival in Mumbai, emphasizing economic collaboration.<\/li>\n<li>Interactions include key entrepreneurs, university leaders, and representatives from civil society.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Trade and Economic Focus<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>UK offers immediate duty-free access on 99% of tariff lines.<\/li>\n<li>Target: Increase bilateral trade by \u00a325.5 billion annually.<\/li>\n<li>Focuses on expanding ties in trade, investment, technology, defense, and innovation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Cultural and Symbolic Gestures<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Starmer visits Yash Raj Films (YRF) and engages in Bollywood-UK collaborations.<\/li>\n<li>Visa issues for Indian talent are discussed, with assurances of no disruption to business or cultural flow.<\/li>\n<li>The visit is marked by festive welcomes, cultural events, and youth engagement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Future-Oriented Discussions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The leaders review progress and set a 10-year Vision 2035 roadmap, covering education, clean energy, and people-to-people ties.<\/li>\n<li>Exchange of views on regional, global, and sectoral issues such as climate, health, and security.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>India-UK Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETPA)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>CETPA (also CEPA\/CETA), signed in July 2025, is a wide-ranging economic agreement fostering integration beyond mere trade.<\/li>\n<li>Aims to boost trade, reduce tariffs, support mutual investment, and cover strategic sectors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Main Features<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Duty-Free Access<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>UK grants immediate duty-free access to 99% of tariffs for Indian goods.<\/li>\n<li>Major beneficiaries: textiles, whisky, cars, and other manufactured goods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tariff Reduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gradual or immediate reduction on 90%+ of traded goods.<\/li>\n<li>Focus on lowering barriers for agriculture, pharmaceuticals, engineering, and more.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Trade Boost<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Projected increase in bilateral trade by \u00a325.5 billion each year.<\/li>\n<li>Improves market access and enhances supply chain integration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Strategic Sectors Covered<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Technology &amp; Innovation:\u00a0Joint work on AI, fintech, clean energy.<\/li>\n<li>Defense &amp; Security:\u00a0Cooperation in advanced manufacturing, counter-terrorism.<\/li>\n<li>Education &amp; Skills:\u00a0Visa facilitation, student exchanges, mutual qualification recognition.<\/li>\n<li>Health &amp; Pharma:\u00a0Joint vaccine production and shared research.<\/li>\n<li>Environment &amp; Sustainability:\u00a0Collaboration for net-zero goals, with focus on green hydrogen and electric vehicles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why This Deal Matters?<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"690\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\"><strong>Perspective<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"313\"><strong>For India<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"282\"><strong>For the UK<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">Economic Growth<\/td>\n<td width=\"313\">Enables India\u2019s goal of becoming world\u2019s 3rd largest economy by 2028; adds \u00a325.5B in exports; new jobs in manufacturing\/services.<\/td>\n<td width=\"282\">Post-Brexit market diversification; boosts UK exports (whisky, cars); adds \u00a325.5B to UK GDP.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">Investment &amp; Innovation<\/td>\n<td width=\"313\">Attracts FDI in tech hubs; supports startups with better IP and venture funding.<\/td>\n<td width=\"282\">Opens up India\u2019s large market; strengthens EV\/renewable supply chains.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">Strategic Autonomy<\/td>\n<td width=\"313\">Reduces reliance on China; enhances defense tech cooperation.<\/td>\n<td width=\"282\">Builds alliances in Indo-Pacific; ensures reliable India-based sourcing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">People Relations<\/td>\n<td width=\"313\">Ease\u2019s student\/professional visas; encourages Bollywood-UK projects and diaspora engagement.<\/td>\n<td width=\"282\">Addresses labor shortages in NHS\/tech; leverages diaspora for remittance and skill links.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">Global Challenges<\/td>\n<td width=\"313\">Promotes joint action on climate, green exports, and global challenges.<\/td>\n<td width=\"282\">Supports net-zero and energy security; secures critical minerals.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Symbolism: Leadership and Cultural Diplomacy<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Keir Starmer:\u00a0His first India trip as PM is seen as a \u201creset\u201d for diplomatic relations, favoring pragmatic economic partnership and increased cultural contacts.<\/li>\n<li>PM Modi:\u00a0Showcased as the architect of India\u2019s global outreach, using the FTA to enhance India\u2019s position in global forums like the G20 and Quad.<\/li>\n<li>Cultural Diplomacy:\u00a0Bollywood and film collaborations serve as bridges for youth, diaspora, and innovative content; initiatives like film festivals and joint productions reinforce people-to-people ties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Corporate Angle<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>UK Business:\u00a0Rolls-Royce, Tata, Diageo, and Jaguar Land Rover benefit from tariff reductions and easier Indian market entry.<\/li>\n<li>Indian Enterprises:\u00a0Conglomerates like Reliance and Adani find increased FDI opportunities, especially in clean tech and pharma.<\/li>\n<li>Investment Roadmap:\u00a0Plans are in place for \u00a350B cumulative investments by 2035, with specific protections for small businesses via digital trade chapters.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>India-UK Vision 2035: 10-Year Roadmap<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Trade &amp; Investment:\u00a0Aim to grow bilateral trade to \u00a3100B by 2035, with annual London-Delhi summits.<\/li>\n<li>Innovation &amp; Tech:\u00a050 new joint R&amp;D centres (AI, quantum, space); large-scale talent mobility.<\/li>\n<li>Sustainable Development:\u00a0Net-zero initiatives, including a \u00a35B green fund, focus on solar and EVs.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e9fense &amp; Security:\u00a0Joint development of drones, submarines; yearly strategic dialogues.<\/li>\n<li>Education &amp; Society:\u00a0Doubling student exchanges and health partnerships.<\/li>\n<li>Monitoring Mechanism:\u00a0Biannual reviews by a Joint Commission for flexibility and accountability in emerging sectors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>2.NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>General Studies Paper 3:<\/strong> Subject:\u00a0Science &amp; Technology<\/p>\n<p><strong>Context: Three<\/strong> scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering and developing Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), a new class of materials that integrates metallic and organic components.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MOFs are significant for their versatility, stability, and applications in environmental protection, medicine, and energy.<\/li>\n<li>The prize money is 11 million Swedish kronor (about \u20b91 crore), shared among the three scientists.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Scientists, Nationality, Institution, Contribution<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"690\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\"><strong>Scientist<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"88\"><strong>Nationality<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"125\"><strong>Institution<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"340\"><strong>Contribution Summary<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">Richard Robson<\/td>\n<td width=\"88\">Australian<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">University of Melbourne<\/td>\n<td width=\"340\">Initial conception of MOFs; combined copper ions with organic molecules to create porous crystals.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">Susumu Kitagawa<\/td>\n<td width=\"88\">Japanese<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">Kyoto University<\/td>\n<td width=\"340\">Developed soft and flexible MOFs, materials that change shape with water or gas absorption.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"136\">Omar M. Yaghi<\/td>\n<td width=\"88\">Jordanian-American<\/td>\n<td width=\"125\">University of California, Berkeley<\/td>\n<td width=\"340\">Created a variety of flexible and functional MOFs for applications like water harvesting from desert air.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>What Are Metal-Organic Frameworks and How Were They Developed?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MOFs are crystalline materials composed of metallic ions or clusters coordinated to organic molecules forming porous structures.<\/li>\n<li>They unite the properties of metals (stability and catalytic activity) with organic molecules (flexibility, functional versatility).<\/li>\n<li>The concept began in the 1970s with Robson\u2019s work on copper and organic arms forming porous crystals.<\/li>\n<li>Kitagawa and Yaghi expanded the concept by creating flexible MOFs and applying them to water vapor capture, pollution reduction, and drug delivery.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Simplified Development Timeline of MOFs<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"690\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Period<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"123\"><strong>Scientist(s)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"463\"><strong>Discovery\/Contribution<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\">Mid-1970s<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">Richard Robson<\/td>\n<td width=\"463\">Conceptualized framework by combining metal ions with organic molecules forming porous crystals.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\">1990s-2003<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">Kitagawa &amp; Yaghi<\/td>\n<td width=\"463\">Developed flexible and functional MOFs; demonstrated applications in gas absorption, water vapor control.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"104\">2000s-Present<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">OMAR Yaghi<\/td>\n<td width=\"463\">Designed MOFs with tailored properties; applications in environmental, pharmaceutical, and energy sectors.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Why MOFs Are Revolutionary: Applications and Global Importance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MOFs provide ultra-high surface area and tunable porosity, enabling gas storage, separation, and catalysis.<\/li>\n<li>Applications include capturing toxic chemicals, reducing environmental pollutants, drug delivery, carbon capture, water harvesting from air.<\/li>\n<li>MOFs\u2019 modularity allows creating materials with specific properties for clean energy and sustainable technologies.<\/li>\n<li>They offer advantages over traditional porous materials by being flexible, stable, and customizable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Analogy for Easy Understanding<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MOFs are like a \u201cmolecular sponge\u201d or \u201cscaffold\u201d \u2013 a structure with many tiny cavities that can trap and release molecules like gases or water vapor.<\/li>\n<li>Similar to how a sponge soaks up water but can be squeezed to release it, MOFs can absorb gases and release them under controlled conditions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Difference Between MOFs and Zeolites<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"690\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\"><strong>Feature<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"282\"><strong>Zeolites<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"312\"><strong>MOFs<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">Composition<\/td>\n<td width=\"282\">Fully inorganic (aluminosilicate minerals)<\/td>\n<td width=\"312\">Hybrid organic-inorganic frameworks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">Flexibility<\/td>\n<td width=\"282\">Rigid and hard<\/td>\n<td width=\"312\">Flexible and tunable; can change shape<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">Porosity<\/td>\n<td width=\"282\">Microporous with fixed pore sizes<\/td>\n<td width=\"312\">Highly porous with adjustable pore sizes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">Applications<\/td>\n<td width=\"282\">Catalysis, ion-exchange, detergents<\/td>\n<td width=\"312\">Gas storage, separation, drug delivery, sensors<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">Stability<\/td>\n<td width=\"282\">Chemically and thermally stable<\/td>\n<td width=\"312\">Stable but may have enhanced functional properties<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"95\">Synthesis Complexity<\/td>\n<td width=\"282\">Natural materials, well-known synthesis<\/td>\n<td width=\"312\">Designed and synthesized for specific functions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>3.PM -KUSUM SCHEME<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>General Studies Paper 2:<\/strong> Governance and Social Justice: International Relations: India\u2019s Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation (International Solar Alliance, South-South Cooperation)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Context: India<\/strong> plans to extend its PM-KUSUM solar pumps scheme to Africa and small island nations through the International Solar Alliance (ISA), announced ahead of the 8th ISA Assembly in New Delhi.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The initiative was highlighted at a UN General Assembly climate side event to showcase India\u2019s progress in solar agriculture and climate action.<\/li>\n<li>Scheme deadline extended to March 2026, with revised targets of 348 GW solar capacity and 71% progress on standalone pumps.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>About the PM-KUSUM Scheme<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Launched in 2019, PM-KUSUM aims to promote solar energy in agriculture, reduce dependence on diesel, and add decentralized solar capacity through pumps and small solar plants.<\/li>\n<li>Focus: Empower farmers, support climate goals, and add 34,800 MW by March 2026.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key Components of PM-KUSUM<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"690\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Component<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"391\"><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"208\"><strong>Target (by March 2026)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A<\/td>\n<td width=\"391\">Decentralized, grid-connected solar plants (up to 2 MW each) for farmer income<\/td>\n<td width=\"208\">10,000 MW; ~29% complete<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B<\/td>\n<td width=\"391\">Standalone solar pumps (3-5 HP) with 70% central subsidy for irrigation<\/td>\n<td width=\"208\">20 lakh pumps; 71% complete<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C<\/td>\n<td width=\"391\">Solarization of grid-connected agriculture pumps (including feeder-level retrofits)<\/td>\n<td width=\"208\">15 lakh pumps; 16-25% done<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Financial Aspects<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Total scheme outlay: \u20b934,000 crore.<\/li>\n<li>Central financial assistance (CFA): \u20b928,000 crore (Component B: \u20b919,400 crore subsidy).<\/li>\n<li>Subsidies: 30% CFA for Component A; 50-60% for Component B pumps; 30% for Component C retrofits.<\/li>\n<li>Farmer contribution: 10-30% via subsidized loans; states support balance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>India\u2019s Plan for Africa &amp; Island Nations<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Through ISA, India will pilot the PM-KUSUM model for rural electrification and irrigation in Africa and island nations.<\/li>\n<li>Initial pilots in 2025-26, scaling up with ISA and private sector finance support.<\/li>\n<li>Aligns with UN climate pledges and supports mutual benefits: India exports solar tech, partners gain affordable renewables.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Why Africa &amp; Island Countries?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Africa faces energy poverty and massive irrigation needs; island nations need resilient, off-grid power solutions.<\/li>\n<li>High solar potential, food security needs, and vulnerability to climate impacts make these regions strategic for ISA outreach.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana<\/strong><\/p>\n<table width=\"690\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"151\"><strong>Feature<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"539\"><strong>Details<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"151\">Objective<\/td>\n<td width=\"539\">Rooftop solar for 1 crore homes by 2027; free power up to 300 units\/month<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"151\">System Capacity<\/td>\n<td width=\"539\">1-3 kW panels; generates 300-600 units\/month; net metering<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"151\">Subsidy<\/td>\n<td width=\"539\">Up to \u20b978,000\/household; 60% for 1 kW, 40% for next 1 kW, 20% for up to 3 kW<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"151\">Eligibility<\/td>\n<td width=\"539\">All households (rural\/urban, govt buildings); online portal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"151\">Financial Aid<\/td>\n<td width=\"539\">Loans up to \u20b91.5 lakh; direct subsidy to vendors; states add incentives<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"151\">Implementation<\/td>\n<td width=\"539\">Vendor empanelment, online tracking, fast approvals<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Progress &amp; Challenges<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Progress<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>~14 lakh (71%) standalone solar pumps installed.<\/li>\n<li>Over 5 lakh rooftop installs for Surya Ghar scheme; 100% saturation in some regions.<\/li>\n<li>1,000+ MW generated, household savings on bills rising.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Challenges<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Delays in subsidy payments, vendor quality issues, complex approval processes.<\/li>\n<li>Funding strain to meet large targets, slow uptake in grid-connected segments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Significance <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>For India<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Accelerates renewable goals (target: 500 GW by 2030), boosts domestic manufacturing, creates jobs.<\/li>\n<li>Enhances energy security, reduces emissions, positions India as ISA leader.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>For Partner Nations<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Offers affordable, decentralized solutions to energy poverty, climate resilience, and agricultural development.<\/li>\n<li>Knowledge transfer builds self-reliance, aids SDGs, opens export markets for India, and strengthens diplomatic ties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Conclusion: India\u2019s<\/strong> initiative to extend PM-KUSUM to Africa and island nations through ISA reflects strong climate diplomacy, making its domestic solar achievements a global model. While the scheme faces hurdles like implementation delays, its expanded targets and a robust \u20b975,000 crore ecosystem can spark transformative progress in sustainable agriculture and clean energy. By supporting farmers and rural communities worldwide, this approach aligns with net-zero ambitions and champions an equitable, just energy transition for the Global South.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>4.India\u2019s invasive species present a dilemma: document or conserve<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>General Studies Paper III:<\/strong> &#8211; Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity, and Climate Change<\/p>\n<p><strong>Context: Scientists<\/strong> are raising alarms over invasive species destroying local biodiversity in India, urging better documentation before conservation efforts.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A new study highlights 3,500 alien species, with calls for policy action amid ecological and economic damages.<\/li>\n<li>The dilemma: introduced for benefits like revegetating land, but now threaten native ecosystems and human livelihoods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>What Is the Main Problem?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Invasive alien species (non-native) displace local biodiversity, rendering some natives locally or globally extinct.<\/li>\n<li>They destroy habitats and alter ecosystems, introduced via human activities like trade or ornamentals.<\/li>\n<li>Dilemma for policymakers: document full impacts or rush to conserve, risking incomplete strategies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Where It Is Worst<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is among the world&#8217;s worst, choking waterways from paddy fields to lakes.<\/li>\n<li>Severe in Assam&#8217;s Kaziranga National Park, Kerala&#8217;s backwaters, and Rajasthan&#8217;s wetlands.<\/li>\n<li>Impacts 1,070 threatened freshwater fishes in Kerala, with rapid spread in tropical India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>How Did This Plant Come to India?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Water hyacinth introduced in the 19th century as ornamental aquatic plant or fish food in British colonial period.<\/li>\n<li>Brought from South America via global trade routes, initially for revegetating degraded lands or solving erosion.<\/li>\n<li>Spread unintentionally through waterways and human transport, establishing in tropical climates by early 20th century.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>What Damage Does It Cause?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>To Farmers<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Choke\u2019s irrigation canals, reducing water flow and crop yields in rice paddies.<\/li>\n<li>Increases pest habitats, leading to higher losses and labour for manual removal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>To Fishermen<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Block\u2019s waterways, hindering boat navigation and reducing fish access in lakes\/rivers.<\/li>\n<li>Outcompetes native aquatic plants, crashing fish populations and livelihoods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>To Environment<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Forms dense mats that deplete oxygen, killing aquatic life and altering soil\/water chemistry.<\/li>\n<li>Reduces biodiversity by shading out natives, promoting monocultures and habitat loss.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>To Tourism<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Clogs scenic backwaters and wetlands, deterring migratory birds and eco-tourism.<\/li>\n<li>Degrades visual appeal in areas like Kerala, impacting boat tours and wildlife viewing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>What&#8217;s Being Done Right Now<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>National Biodiversity Authority mandates conservation plans for invasive species.<\/li>\n<li>Research by institutions like ATREE documents impacts, with funding for removal pilots.<\/li>\n<li>Community-led manual harvesting in wetlands, combined with biocontrol agents like weevils.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Why Is the Problem Still Big?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Over 37,000 species established globally via human activities, with rapid reproduction in India&#8217;s tropics.<\/li>\n<li>Limited funding and research access frustrate scientists, delaying effective policies.<\/li>\n<li>Economic trade-offs: some invasives provide jobs (e.g., harvesting), slowing eradication efforts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>What&#8217;s the Suggested Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Document scientific impacts (ecological\/economic) before enacting conservation plans.<\/li>\n<li>Use frameworks to assess and manage, including siloing communications for targeted action.<\/li>\n<li>Integrate new thinking: conserve beneficial invasives without native equivalents.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Examples of New Thinking<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Regok Bang suggests conserving species like water hyacinth if they fill ecosystem gaps without native rivals.<\/li>\n<li>Repurpose invasives: convert lantana into biofuels or handicrafts, turning threat into resource.<\/li>\n<li>Holistic approach: study cumulative effects on systems, not just individual species.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Final Message of the Article<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This approach can identify high-impact invasives and hotspots, guiding precise management.<\/li>\n<li>Added step of siloing and communicating ensures equitable, evidence-based policies.<\/li>\n<li>Balances documentation with action to protect India&#8217;s biodiversity amid growing threats.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>5.India Mobile Congress (IMC) 2025<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Source: PIB <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>What is IMC?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Asia\u2019s largest\u00a0digital communications\u00a0and technology\u00a0exhibition, held\u00a0at Yashobhoomi, New Delhi.<\/li>\n<li>A platform for\u00a0governments,\u00a0industry leaders, startups, and\u00a0academia to showcase\u00a0telecom, IT,\u00a0media, and innovation.<\/li>\n<li>Jointly organised\u00a0by Department\u00a0of Telecommunications\u00a0(DoT) and Cellular\u00a0Operators Association\u00a0of India (COAI), Ministry\u00a0of Communications.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Theme\u00a0and Aim<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2025 Theme:\u00a0&#8220;Innovate to\u00a0Transform&#8221;.<\/li>\n<li>Showcase India&#8217;s\u00a0achievements\u00a0in 5G, 6G, AI, semiconductors, and quantum\u00a0communication.<\/li>\n<li>Drive global\u00a0collaboration\u00a0and investment\u00a0in digital economy.<\/li>\n<li>Promote indigenous\u00a0technology for\u00a0Digital India\u00a0and Atmanirbhar\u00a0Bharat missions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Features<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Over 1.5 lakh\u00a0visitors from\u00a0150+ countries, 400+ companies\u00a0participating.<\/li>\n<li>Display of\u00a01,600+ new use\u00a0cases in telecom, AI, smart mobility, cybersecurity, and green tech.<\/li>\n<li>Key focus areas: Optical communications, 6G, quantum\u00a0tech, semiconductors.<\/li>\n<li>Delegations\u00a0from Japan, UK, Russia, Canada, Austria, and\u00a0Ireland.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Significance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Digital Leadership:\u00a0Positions\u00a0India as a global\u00a0hub for telecom\u00a0innovation and\u00a0next-gen technologies.<\/li>\n<li>Economic Growth:\u00a0Attracts investment\u00a0in digital infrastructure, startups, and\u00a0manufacturing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This event\u00a0is crucial for\u00a0driving India\u2019s digital transformation, facilitating\u00a0international\u00a0partnerships, and cementing\u00a0India\u2019s role\u00a0as a leader in\u00a0the global technology\u00a0ecosystem.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>6.New Findings on the Red Sea<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>General Studies Paper 1: <\/strong>Geography: Physical Geography<\/p>\n<p><strong>Geological Discovery<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1908 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/NO.6-244x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"305\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/NO.6-244x300.png 244w, https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/NO.6.png 565w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 305px) 100vw, 305px\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>KAUST scientists discovered that the Red Sea dried up entirely around 6.2 million years ago for nearly 100,000 years.<\/li>\n<li>It was later refilled by a massive flood from the Indian Ocean, creating the modern sea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>About the Red Sea<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Location and Formation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Red Sea is a narrow, elongated saltwater body between north-eastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.<\/li>\n<li>It formed about 30 million years ago when the African and Arabian plates began to drift apart, creating a rift valley.<\/li>\n<li>Extends 1,930 km from Suez (Egypt) to the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, linking to the Arabian Sea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Bordering Nations<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen share its coastline.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key Features<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Geological Origin:\u00a0Part of the East African Rift System, sits in a tectonic rift valley.<\/li>\n<li>Size and Depth:\u00a0Covers about 450,000 sq km; deepest point reaches 3,040 m.<\/li>\n<li>Salinity\/Temperature:\u00a0Among the world\u2019s hottest and saltiest seas due to high evaporation and minimal freshwater inflow.<\/li>\n<li>Marine Life:\u00a0Renowned for coral reefs, unique brine pools, and rich marine biodiversity.<\/li>\n<li>Volcanism:\u00a0Hosts underwater volcanoes and geothermal features, highlighting ongoing tectonic activity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Importance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Strategic Route:\u00a0Forms a crucial maritime link between Europe and Asia through the Suez Canal for global trade.<\/li>\n<li>Economic Role:\u00a0Supports shipping, fishing, and tourism, vital for coastal nations\u2019 economies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>7.Indian Radio Software Architecture (IRSA) Standard 1.0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>SOUERCE: PIB <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>What\u00a0is IRSA?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>IRSA 1.0 is India\u2019s first national\u00a0software standard\u00a0for Software\u00a0Defined Radios\u00a0(SDRs) used by\u00a0the Army, Navy, and Air Force.<\/li>\n<li>Provides a unified\u00a0framework for\u00a0secure, flexible, and upgradable\u00a0military communication\u00a0systems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Developed\u00a0By<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Joint effort\u00a0of DRDO, Integrated\u00a0Defence Staff\u00a0(IDS), and the\u00a0Tri-Services\u00a0(Army, Navy,\u00a0Air Force).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Aims<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Achieve seamless\u00a0interoperability\u00a0among SDRs across\u00a0all defence services.<\/li>\n<li>Facilitate waveform\u00a0portability and\u00a0standardized\u00a0communication.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key Features<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Unified\u00a0Standard:\u00a0Common\u00a0architecture\u00a0for all military\u00a0SDRs, supporting\u00a0next-gen technologies.<\/li>\n<li>Waveform Portability:\u00a0Enables\u00a0reuse and transfer\u00a0of communication\u00a0waveforms between\u00a0platforms.<\/li>\n<li>Scalability:\u00a0Ready for\u00a0AI, 5G, and future\u00a0tech upgrades.<\/li>\n<li>Interoperability:\u00a0Ensures cross-service\u00a0and cross-platform\u00a0communications.<\/li>\n<li>Certification\u00a0Framework:\u00a0Establishes standards\u00a0for reliability\u00a0and security.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Significance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Strategic Autonomy:\u00a0Reduces\u00a0reliance on foreign\u00a0technologies; boosts indigenous\u00a0capabilities.<\/li>\n<li>Operational\u00a0Synergy:\u00a0Enhances joint operations\u00a0across Army,\u00a0Navy, Air Force.<\/li>\n<li>Defence Export\u00a0Potential:\u00a0Positions India\u00a0to export IRSA-compliant SDRs globally.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>8.Neso lynx banabitanae<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>General Studies Paper III &#8211;<\/strong> Environment and Biodiversity<img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1909 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/NO.-7-300x295.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"338\" height=\"332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/NO.-7-300x295.png 300w, https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/NO.-7.png 381w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 338px) 100vw, 338px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Context: A<\/strong> new wasp species, Neso lynx banabitanae, was found in Central Park (Banabitan), Salt Lake, Kolkata.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is only the seventh Neso lynx wasp identified in India, highlighting the country\u2019s unique biodiversity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>About Neso lynx banabitanae<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Family and Type<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Belongs to the Eulophid family, known for parasitic and hyper parasitic wasps.<\/li>\n<li>Neso lynx banabitanae is a hyperparasitoid\u2014it parasitizes other parasitoid wasps, not host insects directly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Host Interaction<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Targets the ichneumonid parasitoid Charops Aditya, which itself attacks caterpillars of Common Palm fly and Common Castor butterflies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Naming and Discovery<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Named banabitanae after \u201cBanabitan,\u201d the Bengali name for Central Park, Kolkata, where it was discovered.<\/li>\n<li>Adds a new layer to the ecology of urban parks by enriching multitrophic interactions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Significance of Discovery<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ecological Importance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Contributes to fourth level multitrophic interactions\u2014affecting populations of butterflies and their parasitoids.<\/li>\n<li>Sheds light on the complexity of urban insect food webs, especially in city parks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Scientific Relevance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Enhances knowledge of hyperparasitoid behaviour and insect biodiversity in urban settings.<\/li>\n<li>SEM mapping of sensory structures offers baseline data for future research in taxonomy and evolutionary studies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Conservation and Analytical Value<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Underscores the importance of conserving urban green spaces as habitats for rare and new species.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>9.Private players to conserve heritage monuments<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>GS PAPER\u00a0 1:<\/strong> Arts &amp; Culture<\/p>\n<p><strong>Context: <\/strong>The government has proposed allowing private players to participate in conservation of protected monuments, ending the Archaeological Survey of India\u2019s (ASI) exclusive mandate.<img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1910 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/NO.9.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"341\" height=\"191\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This aims to strengthen resources and professional expertise for safeguarding India\u2019s cultural heritage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>About Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Established:\u00a01861; under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.<\/li>\n<li>Responsibilities:\u00a0Research, exploration, protection, and management of around 3,700 centrally protected monuments and sites.<\/li>\n<li>Legal Framework:\u00a0Enforces the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (1958) and the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act (1972).<\/li>\n<li>Structure:\u00a037 regional Circles, and specialist wings such as Science and Horticulture Branches, Temple Survey Projects, and Underwater Archaeology Wing.<\/li>\n<li>Challenges:\u00a0Faces staff shortages, funding limitations, and process delays that restrict conservation work nationwide.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>New Public\u2013Private Partnership (PPP) Model Explained<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Objective:\u00a0Supplement ASI\u2019s conservation capacity through private participation.<\/li>\n<li>Who Can Participate:\u00a0Corporates, PSUs, and philanthropic bodies can fund, execute, and monitor restoration under ASI supervision?<\/li>\n<li>Funding:\u00a0Routed via National Culture Fund (NCF); donations qualify as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) with 100% tax exemption.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Implementation Framework<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conservation architects empanelled by Ministry of Culture through RFPs.<\/li>\n<li>Donors select architects, who coordinate with experienced restoration agencies for projects on structures over 100 years old.<\/li>\n<li>Each project requires a Detailed Project Report (DPR) approved by ASI, and must comply with the National Policy for Conservation, 2014.<\/li>\n<li>Initial phase identifies 250 priority monuments for adoption and conservation efforts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Key Points of New PPP Policy<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Eligibility:\u00a0Participants must demonstrate heritage conservation experience and technical compliance.<\/li>\n<li>Distinction from \u2018Adopt a Heritage\u2019 Scheme:\u00a0Earlier model focused on public amenities (caf\u00e9s, signage, etc.); current PPP model extends to core conservation and scientific restoration.<\/li>\n<li>ASI Oversight:\u00a0ASI retains control over authenticity, ethics, and policy compliance\u2014preventing over-commercialisation and ensuring quality.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Policy Evolution and Significance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Transition from tourism-focused partnerships to stewardship of monument conservation, harnessing private sector funding and professional expertise.<\/li>\n<li>Aims to mobilize more resources, address conservation deficits, and accelerate the preservation of India\u2019s diverse heritage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>10.E-NAM (electronic National Agriculture Market) Portal<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Source: PIB <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Why in the News?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Department of Agriculture and Farmers\u2019 Welfare has expanded the National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) by adding 9 new commodities, taking the total tradable items to 247.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>About National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Launch &amp; Implementation:\u00a0Introduced in April 2016 by the Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers\u2019 Welfare, under ISAM; managed by Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC).<\/li>\n<li>Objective:\u00a0Unify agricultural markets nationwide by providing farmers and traders a transparent, digital platform for competitive real-time trading and price discovery.<\/li>\n<li>Legal Framework:\u00a0Works within state APMC Acts, harmonised via inter-state trading licenses and digital links.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Working Mechanism<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Digital Integration: Mandis linked with e-NAM for online inter-state trading and unified licensing.<\/li>\n<li>Online Auctions: Produce graded, assayed, weighed, with real-time electronic bidding for quality-linked price discovery.<\/li>\n<li>Direct Payments: Auction proceeds transferred electronically to farmers\u2019 accounts, reducing intermediaries.<\/li>\n<li>Unified Licensing: One license lets traders buy from multiple mandis nation-wide.<\/li>\n<li>Warehouse Trading: e-NAM 2.0 incorporates warehouses, cold storages for stored-produce sales and better logistics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Coverage (2025)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mandis Integrated: 1,522 mandis in 23 States &amp; 4 UTs.<\/li>\n<li>Commodities: 247 items including cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits, spices, and medicinal plants.<\/li>\n<li>Participants: 1.7 crore farmers, 4,500 FPOs registered.<\/li>\n<li>Leading States: Tamil Nadu (213 mandis), Rajasthan, Gujarat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key Features &amp; Impact<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pan-India Integration: Fulfils \u201cOne Nation, One Market\u201d by connecting mandis and private markets digitally.<\/li>\n<li>Quality Assurance: Standard parameters ensure grade-based pricing and better incomes.<\/li>\n<li>Digital Efficiency: Reduces transaction time, increases transparency; e-payments and electronic weighing streamline processes.<\/li>\n<li>FPO &amp; Warehouse Linkage: Strengthen logistics, storage, and collective farmer bargaining power.<\/li>\n<li>Scheme Synergy: Complements PM-KISAN, PM-AASHA, and MSP operations via transparent procurement data.<\/li>\n<li>Data Analytics: Real-time trade and pricing insights assist policy decisions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1.Trade pact a launched for growth :U.K.PM General Studies Paper II (GS-II) : International Relations &#8211; Bilateral Relations,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2466,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1907","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-daily-current-affairs"],"featured_image_urls":{"full":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-20.jpg",2048,2048,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-20-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-20-300x300.jpg",300,300,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-20-768x768.jpg",640,640,true],"large":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-20-1024x1024.jpg",640,640,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-20-1536x1536.jpg",1536,1536,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-20.jpg",2048,2048,false],"morenews-large":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-20-825x575.jpg",825,575,true],"morenews-medium":["https:\/\/arkreflectionsias.com\/studentportal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/generated-image-20-590x410.jpg",590,410,true]},"author_info":{"display_name":"Nithin 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